Moving 2.x branches

git-svn-id: http://svn.us.apache.org/repos/asf/tuscany@835137 13f79535-47bb-0310-9956-ffa450edef68

19 files changed, 3573 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/sca-java-2.x/branches/sca-java-2.0-M4/modules/binding-ejb-runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/tuscany/sca/binding/ejb/corba/ClassLoadingUtil.java b/sca-java-2.x/branches/sca-java-2.0-M4/modules/binding-ejb-runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/tuscany/sca/binding/ejb/corba/ClassLoadingUtil.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c65868c23b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sca-java-2.x/branches/sca-java-2.0-M4/modules/binding-ejb-runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/tuscany/sca/binding/ejb/corba/ClassLoadingUtil.java
@@ -0,0 +1,365 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ * 
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.    
+ */
+
+package org.apache.tuscany.sca.binding.ejb.corba;
+
+import java.lang.reflect.Array;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.LinkedHashSet;
+import java.util.LinkedList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+/**
+ * Utility class for loading classes by a variety of name variations.
+ * <p/>
+ * Supported names types are:
+ * <p/>
+ * 1)  Fully qualified class name (e.g., "java.lang.String", "org.apache.geronimo.kernel.ClassLoading"
+ * 2)  Method signature encoding ("Ljava.lang.String;", "J", "I", etc.)
+ * 3)  Primitive type names ("int", "boolean", etc.)
+ * 4)  Method array signature strings ("[I", "[Ljava.lang.String")
+ * 5)  Arrays using Java code format ("int[]", "java.lang.String[][]")
+ * <p/>
+ * The classes are loaded using the provided class loader.  For the basic types, the primitive
+ * reflection types are returned.
+ *
+ * @version $Rev$ $Date$
+ */
+public class ClassLoadingUtil {
+
+    /**
+     * Table for mapping primitive class names/signatures to the implementing
+     * class object
+     */
+    private static final HashMap PRIMITIVE_CLASS_MAP = new HashMap();
+
+    /**
+     * Table for mapping primitive classes back to their name signature type, which
+     * allows a reverse mapping to be performed from a class object into a resolvable
+     * signature.
+     */
+    private static final HashMap CLASS_TO_SIGNATURE_MAP = new HashMap();
+
+
+    /**
+     * Setup the primitives map.  We make any entry for each primitive class using both the
+     * human readable name and the method signature shorthand type.
+     */
+    static {
+        PRIMITIVE_CLASS_MAP.put("boolean", boolean.class);
+        PRIMITIVE_CLASS_MAP.put("Z", boolean.class);
+        PRIMITIVE_CLASS_MAP.put("byte", byte.class);
+        PRIMITIVE_CLASS_MAP.put("B", byte.class);
+        PRIMITIVE_CLASS_MAP.put("char", char.class);
+        PRIMITIVE_CLASS_MAP.put("C", char.class);
+        PRIMITIVE_CLASS_MAP.put("short", short.class);
+        PRIMITIVE_CLASS_MAP.put("S", short.class);
+        PRIMITIVE_CLASS_MAP.put("int", int.class);
+        PRIMITIVE_CLASS_MAP.put("I", int.class);
+        PRIMITIVE_CLASS_MAP.put("long", long.class);
+        PRIMITIVE_CLASS_MAP.put("J", long.class);
+        PRIMITIVE_CLASS_MAP.put("float", float.class);
+        PRIMITIVE_CLASS_MAP.put("F", float.class);
+        PRIMITIVE_CLASS_MAP.put("double", double.class);
+        PRIMITIVE_CLASS_MAP.put("D", double.class);
+        PRIMITIVE_CLASS_MAP.put("void", void.class);
+        PRIMITIVE_CLASS_MAP.put("V", void.class);
+
+        // Now build a reverse mapping table.  The table above has a many-to-one mapping for
+        // class names.  To do the reverse, we need to pick just one.  As long as the
+        // returned name supports "round tripping" of the requests, this will work fine.
+
+        CLASS_TO_SIGNATURE_MAP.put(boolean.class, "Z");
+        CLASS_TO_SIGNATURE_MAP.put(byte.class, "B");
+        CLASS_TO_SIGNATURE_MAP.put(char.class, "C");
+        CLASS_TO_SIGNATURE_MAP.put(short.class, "S");
+        CLASS_TO_SIGNATURE_MAP.put(int.class, "I");
+        CLASS_TO_SIGNATURE_MAP.put(long.class, "J");
+        CLASS_TO_SIGNATURE_MAP.put(float.class, "F");
+        CLASS_TO_SIGNATURE_MAP.put(double.class, "D");
+        CLASS_TO_SIGNATURE_MAP.put(void.class, "V");
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Load a class that matches the requested name, using the provided class loader context.
+     * <p/>
+     * The class name may be a standard class name, the name of a primitive type Java
+     * reflection class (e.g., "boolean" or "int"), or a type in method type signature
+     * encoding.  Array classes in either encoding form are also processed.
+     *
+     * @param className The name of the required class.
+     * @param classLoader The class loader used to resolve the class object.
+     * @return The Class object resolved from "className".
+     * @throws ClassNotFoundException When unable to resolve the class object.
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException If either argument is null.
+     */
+    public static Class loadClass(String className, ClassLoader classLoader) throws ClassNotFoundException {
+
+        // the tests require IllegalArgumentExceptions for null values on either of these.
+        if (className == null) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("className is null");
+        }
+
+        if (classLoader == null) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("classLoader is null");
+        }
+        // The easiest case is a proper class name.  We just have the class loader resolve this.
+        // If the class loader throws a ClassNotFoundException, then we need to check each of the
+        // special name encodings we support.
+        try {
+            return classLoader.loadClass(className);
+        } catch (ClassNotFoundException ignore) {
+            // if not found, continue on to the other name forms.
+        }
+
+
+        // The second easiest version to resolve is a direct map to a primitive type name
+        // or method signature.  Check our name-to-class map for one of those.
+        Class resolvedClass = (Class) PRIMITIVE_CLASS_MAP.get(className);
+        if (resolvedClass != null) {
+            return resolvedClass;
+        }
+
+        // Class names in method signature have the format "Lfully.resolved.name;",
+        // so if it ends in a semicolon and begins with an "L", this must be in
+        // this format.  Have the class loader try to load this.  There are no other
+        // options if this fails, so just allow the class loader to throw the
+        // ClassNotFoundException.
+        if (className.endsWith(";") && className.startsWith("L")) {
+            // pick out the name portion
+            String typeName = className.substring(1, className.length() - 1);
+            // and delegate the loading to the class loader.
+            return classLoader.loadClass(typeName);
+        }
+
+        // All we have left now are the array types.  Method signature array types
+        // have a series of leading "[" characters to specify the number of dimensions.
+        // The other array type we handle uses trailing "[]" for the dimensions, just
+        // like the Java language syntax.
+
+        // first check for the signature form ([[[[type).
+        if (className.charAt(0) == '[') {
+            // we have at least one array marker, now count how many leading '['s we have
+            // to get the dimension count.
+            int count = 0;
+            int nameLen = className.length();
+
+            while (count < nameLen && className.charAt(count) == '[') {
+                count++;
+            }
+
+            // pull of the name subtype, which is everything after the last '['
+            String arrayTypeName = className.substring(count, className.length());
+            // resolve the type using a recursive call, which will load any of the primitive signature
+            // types as well as class names.
+            Class arrayType = loadClass(arrayTypeName, classLoader);
+
+            // Resolving array types require a little more work.  The array classes are
+            // created dynamically when the first instance of a given dimension and type is
+            // created.  We need to create one using reflection to do this.
+            return getArrayClass(arrayType, count);
+        }
+
+
+        // ok, last chance.  Now check for an array specification in Java language
+        // syntax.  This will be a type name followed by pairs of "[]" to indicate
+        // the number of dimensions.
+        if (className.endsWith("[]")) {
+            // get the base component class name and the arrayDimensions
+            int count = 0;
+            int position = className.length();
+
+            while (position > 1 && className.substring(position - 2, position).equals("[]")) {
+                // count this dimension
+                count++;
+                // and step back the probe position.
+                position -= 2;
+            }
+
+            // position now points at the location of the last successful test.  This makes it
+            // easy to pick off the class name.
+
+            String typeName = className.substring(0, position);
+
+            // load the base type, again, doing this recursively
+            Class arrayType = loadClass(typeName, classLoader);
+            // and turn this into the class object
+            return getArrayClass(arrayType, count);
+        }
+
+        throw new ClassNotFoundException("Could not load class " + className + " from unknown classloader; " + classLoader);
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Map a class object back to a class name.  The returned class object
+     * must be "round trippable", which means
+     * <p/>
+     * type == ClassLoading.loadClass(ClassLoading.getClassName(type), classLoader)
+     * <p/>
+     * must be true.  To ensure this, the class name is always returned in
+     * method signature format.
+     *
+     * @param type The class object we convert into name form.
+     * @return A string representation of the class name, in method signature
+     *         format.
+     */
+    public static String getClassName(Class type) {
+        StringBuffer name = new StringBuffer();
+
+        // we test these in reverse order from the resolution steps,
+        // first handling arrays, then primitive types, and finally
+        // "normal" class objects.
+
+        // First handle arrays.  If a class is an array, the type is
+        // element stored at that level.  So, for a 2-dimensional array
+        // of ints, the top-level type will be "[I".  We need to loop
+        // down the hierarchy until we hit a non-array type.
+        while (type.isArray()) {
+            // add another array indicator at the front of the name,
+            // and continue with the next type.
+            name.append('[');
+            type = type.getComponentType();
+        }
+
+        // we're down to the base type.  If this is a primitive, then
+        // we poke in the single-character type specifier.
+        if (type.isPrimitive()) {
+            name.append((String) CLASS_TO_SIGNATURE_MAP.get(type));
+        }
+        // a "normal" class.  This gets expressing using the "Lmy.class.name;" syntax.
+        else {
+            name.append('L');
+            name.append(type.getName());
+            name.append(';');
+        }
+        return name.toString();
+    }
+
+    private static Class getArrayClass(Class type, int dimension) {
+        // Array.newInstance() requires an array of the requested number of dimensions
+        // that gives the size for each dimension.  We just request 0 in each of the
+        // dimensions, which is not unlike a black hole singularity.
+        int[] dimensions = new int[dimension];
+        // create an instance and return the associated class object.
+        return Array.newInstance(type, dimensions).getClass();
+    }
+
+    public static Set getAllTypes(Class type) {
+        Set allTypes = new LinkedHashSet();
+        allTypes.add(type);
+        allTypes.addAll(getAllSuperClasses(type));
+        allTypes.addAll(getAllInterfaces(type));
+        return allTypes;
+    }
+
+    private static Set getAllSuperClasses(Class clazz) {
+        Set allSuperClasses = new LinkedHashSet();
+        for (Class superClass = clazz.getSuperclass(); superClass != null; superClass = superClass.getSuperclass()) {
+            allSuperClasses.add(superClass);
+        }
+        return allSuperClasses;
+    }
+
+    private static Set getAllInterfaces(Class clazz) {
+        Set allInterfaces = new LinkedHashSet();
+        LinkedList stack = new LinkedList();
+        stack.addAll(Arrays.asList(clazz.getInterfaces()));
+        while (!stack.isEmpty()) {
+            Class intf = (Class) stack.removeFirst();
+            if (!allInterfaces.contains(intf)) {
+                allInterfaces.add(intf);
+                stack.addAll(Arrays.asList(intf.getInterfaces()));
+            }
+        }
+        return allInterfaces;
+    }
+
+    public static Set reduceInterfaces(Set source) {
+        Class[] classes = (Class[]) source.toArray(new Class[source.size()]);
+        classes = reduceInterfaces(classes);
+        return new LinkedHashSet(Arrays.asList(classes));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * If there are multiple interfaces, and some of them extend each other,
+     * eliminate the superclass in favor of the subclasses that extend them.
+     *
+     * If one of the entries is a class (not an interface), make sure it's
+     * the first one in the array.  If more than one of the entries is a
+     * class, throws an IllegalArgumentException
+     *
+     * @param source the original list of interfaces
+     * @return the equal or smaller list of interfaces
+     */
+    public static Class[] reduceInterfaces(Class[] source) {
+        // use a copy of the source array
+        source = (Class[]) source.clone();
+
+        for (int leftIndex = 0; leftIndex < source.length-1; leftIndex++) {
+            Class left = source[leftIndex];
+            if(left == null) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            for (int rightIndex = leftIndex +1; rightIndex < source.length; rightIndex++) {
+                Class right = source[rightIndex];
+                if(right == null) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                if(left == right || right.isAssignableFrom(left)) {
+                    // right is the same as class or a sub class of left
+                    source[rightIndex] = null;
+                } else if(left.isAssignableFrom(right)) {
+                    // left is the same as class or a sub class of right
+                    source[leftIndex] = null;
+
+                    // the left has been eliminated; move on to the next left
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        Class clazz = null;
+        for (int i = 0; i < source.length; i++) {
+            if (source[i] != null && !source[i].isInterface()) {
+                if (clazz != null) {
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("Source contains two classes which are not subclasses of each other: " + clazz.getName() + ", " + source[i].getName());
+                }
+                clazz = source[i];
+                source[i] = null;
+            }
+        }
+
+        List list = new ArrayList(source.length);
+        if (clazz != null) list.add(clazz);
+        for (int i = 0; i < source.length; i++) {
+            if(source[i] != null) {
+                list.add(source[i]);
+            }
+        }
+        return (Class[]) list.toArray(new Class[list.size()]);
+    }
+}
+
diff --git a/sca-java-2.x/branches/sca-java-2.0-M4/modules/binding-ejb-runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/tuscany/sca/binding/ejb/corba/DynamicStubClassLoader.java b/sca-java-2.x/branches/sca-java-2.0-M4/modules/binding-ejb-runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/tuscany/sca/binding/ejb/corba/DynamicStubClassLoader.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..82554a1c8f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sca-java-2.x/branches/sca-java-2.0-M4/modules/binding-ejb-runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/tuscany/sca/binding/ejb/corba/DynamicStubClassLoader.java
@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ * 
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.    
+ */
+package org.apache.tuscany.sca.binding.ejb.corba;
+
+import java.lang.reflect.Method;
+import java.lang.reflect.Modifier;
+
+import javax.rmi.CORBA.Stub;
+
+import net.sf.cglib.core.NamingPolicy;
+import net.sf.cglib.core.Predicate;
+import net.sf.cglib.proxy.Callback;
+import net.sf.cglib.proxy.CallbackFilter;
+import net.sf.cglib.proxy.Enhancer;
+import net.sf.cglib.proxy.FixedValue;
+import net.sf.cglib.proxy.MethodInterceptor;
+import net.sf.cglib.proxy.NoOp;
+
+/**
+ * @version $Revision$ $Date$
+ */
+public class DynamicStubClassLoader extends ClassLoader {
+    private static final String PACKAGE_PREFIX = "org.omg.stub.";
+
+    @Override
+    public synchronized Class loadClass(final String name) throws ClassNotFoundException {
+        ClassLoader classLoader = Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader();
+
+        // check if the stub already exists first
+        try {
+            return classLoader.loadClass(name);
+        } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
+        }
+
+        // if this is not a class from the org.omg.stub name space don't attempt to generate
+        if (!name.startsWith(PACKAGE_PREFIX)) {
+            throw new ClassNotFoundException("Could not load class: " + name);
+        }
+
+        // load the interfaces class we are attempting to create a stub for
+        Class iface = loadStubInterfaceClass(name, classLoader);
+
+        // create the stub builder
+        try {
+            Enhancer enhancer = new Enhancer();
+            enhancer.setSuperclass(Stub.class);
+            enhancer.setInterfaces(new Class[] {iface});
+            enhancer.setCallbackFilter(FILTER);
+            enhancer.setCallbackTypes(new Class[] {NoOp.class, MethodInterceptor.class, FixedValue.class});
+            enhancer.setUseFactory(false);
+            enhancer.setClassLoader(classLoader);
+            enhancer.setNamingPolicy(new NamingPolicy() {
+                public String getClassName(String s, String s1, Object o, Predicate predicate) {
+                    return name;
+                }
+            });
+
+            // generate the class
+            Class result = enhancer.createClass();
+            assert result != null;
+
+            StubMethodInterceptor interceptor = new StubMethodInterceptor(iface);
+            Ids ids = new Ids(iface);
+            Enhancer.registerStaticCallbacks(result, new Callback[] {NoOp.INSTANCE, interceptor, ids});
+
+            return result;
+        } catch (RuntimeException e) {
+            throw e;
+        } catch (Error e) {
+            throw e;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private Class loadStubInterfaceClass(String name, ClassLoader classLoader) throws ClassNotFoundException {
+        try {
+            int begin = name.lastIndexOf('.') + 1;
+            String iPackage = name.substring(13, begin);
+            String iName = iPackage + name.substring(begin + 1, name.length() - 5);
+
+            return classLoader.loadClass(iName);
+        } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
+            // don't log exceptions from CosNaming because it attempts to load every
+            // class bound into the name server
+            
+            //FIXME this variable is never read, can we remove the
+            // whole block of code??
+            //boolean shouldLog = true;
+            StackTraceElement[] stackTrace = e.getStackTrace();
+            for (int i = 0; i < stackTrace.length; i++) {
+                StackTraceElement stackTraceElement = stackTrace[i];
+                if (stackTraceElement.getClassName().equals("org.omg.CosNaming.NamingContextExtPOA") && stackTraceElement
+                    .getMethodName().equals("_invoke")) {
+                    //shouldLog = false;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+
+            throw new ClassNotFoundException("Unable to generate stub", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static final CallbackFilter FILTER = new CallbackFilter() {
+        public int accept(Method method) {
+            // we don't intercept non-public methods like finalize
+            if (!Modifier.isPublic(method.getModifiers())) {
+                return 0;
+            }
+
+            if (method.getReturnType().equals(String[].class) && method.getParameterTypes().length == 0
+                && method.getName().equals("_ids")) {
+                return 2;
+            }
+
+            if (Modifier.isAbstract(method.getModifiers())) {
+                return 1;
+            }
+
+            return 0;
+        }
+    };
+
+    private static final class Ids implements FixedValue {
+        private final String[] typeIds;
+
+        public Ids(Class type) {
+            typeIds = Java2IDLUtil.createCorbaIds(type);
+        }
+
+        public Object loadObject() throws Exception {
+            return typeIds;
+        }
+    }
+
+}
diff --git a/sca-java-2.x/branches/sca-java-2.0-M4/modules/binding-ejb-runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/tuscany/sca/binding/ejb/corba/Java2IDLUtil.java b/sca-java-2.x/branches/sca-java-2.0-M4/modules/binding-ejb-runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/tuscany/sca/binding/ejb/corba/Java2IDLUtil.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..de8090c45b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sca-java-2.x/branches/sca-java-2.0-M4/modules/binding-ejb-runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/tuscany/sca/binding/ejb/corba/Java2IDLUtil.java
@@ -0,0 +1,811 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ * 
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.    
+ */
+package org.apache.tuscany.sca.binding.ejb.corba;
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.ObjectOutputStream;
+import java.io.Serializable;
+import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException;
+import java.lang.reflect.Method;
+import java.rmi.Remote;
+import java.rmi.RemoteException;
+import java.rmi.UnexpectedException;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.LinkedHashSet;
+import java.util.LinkedList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.regex.Matcher;
+import java.util.regex.Pattern;
+
+import javax.ejb.spi.HandleDelegate;
+import javax.naming.InitialContext;
+import javax.naming.NamingException;
+import javax.rmi.PortableRemoteObject;
+
+import org.omg.CORBA.ORB;
+import org.omg.CORBA.UserException;
+import org.omg.CORBA.portable.IDLEntity;
+import org.omg.CORBA.portable.ResponseHandler;
+import org.omg.CORBA.portable.UnknownException;
+import org.omg.CORBA_2_3.portable.InputStream;
+import org.omg.CORBA_2_3.portable.OutputStream;
+import org.omg.IOP.Codec;
+import org.omg.IOP.CodecFactory;
+import org.omg.IOP.ENCODING_CDR_ENCAPS;
+import org.omg.IOP.Encoding;
+
+/**
+ * Various utility functions.
+ * <p/>
+ * Note: #getORB() and #getCodec() rely on UtilInitializer to initialize the ORB and codec.
+ *
+ * @version $Rev$ $Date$
+ * @see UtilInitializer
+ */
+public final class Java2IDLUtil {
+    private static ORB orb;
+    private static Codec codec;
+    private static HandleDelegate handleDelegate;
+    
+    public static ORB getORB() {
+        assert orb != null;
+        return orb;
+    }
+    
+  
+
+    public static void setORB(ORB orb) throws UserException {
+        if (Java2IDLUtil.orb == null) {
+            Java2IDLUtil.orb = orb;
+            CodecFactory factory = (CodecFactory) Java2IDLUtil.orb.resolve_initial_references("CodecFactory");
+            codec = factory.create_codec(new Encoding(ENCODING_CDR_ENCAPS.value, (byte) 1, (byte) 2));
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static Codec getCodec() {
+        assert codec != null;
+        return codec;
+    }
+
+    public static HandleDelegate getHandleDelegate() throws NamingException {
+        if (handleDelegate == null) {
+            InitialContext ic = new InitialContext();
+            handleDelegate = (HandleDelegate) ic.lookup("java:comp/HandleDelegate");
+        }
+        return handleDelegate;
+    }
+    
+    private static final Pattern SCOPED_NAME_EXTRACTION_PATTERN = Pattern.compile("(\\\\\\\\)|(\\\\@)|(@)|(\\z)");
+
+    /**
+     * See csiv2 Specification 16.2.5 par. 63-64.  We extract the username if any and un-escape any
+     * escaped \ and @ characters.
+     * 
+     * @param scopedNameBytes
+     * @return
+     * @throws UnsupportedEncodingException
+     */
+    public static String extractUserNameFromScopedName(byte[] scopedNameBytes) throws UnsupportedEncodingException {
+        String scopedUserName = new String(scopedNameBytes, "UTF8");
+        return extractUserNameFromScopedName(scopedUserName);
+    }
+
+    public static String extractUserNameFromScopedName(String scopedUserName) {
+        Matcher m = SCOPED_NAME_EXTRACTION_PATTERN.matcher(scopedUserName);
+        StringBuffer buf = new StringBuffer();
+        while (m.find()) {
+            m.appendReplacement(buf, "");
+            if (m.group(1) != null) {
+                buf.append('\\');
+            } else if (m.group(2) != null) {
+                buf.append("@");
+            } else if (m.group(3) != null) {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        return buf.toString();
+    }
+
+    private static final Pattern SCOPED_NAME_ESCAPE_PATTERN = Pattern.compile("(\\\\)|(@)");
+
+    public static String buildScopedUserName(String user, String domain) {
+        StringBuffer buf = new StringBuffer();
+        if (user != null) {
+            escape(user, buf);
+        }
+        if (domain != null) {
+            buf.append('@');
+            escape(domain, buf);
+        }
+        return buf.toString();
+    }
+
+    private static void escape(String s, StringBuffer buf) {
+        Matcher m = SCOPED_NAME_ESCAPE_PATTERN.matcher(s);
+        while (m.find()) {
+            m.appendReplacement(buf, "");
+            if (m.group(1) != null) {
+                buf.append("\\\\");
+            } else if (m.group(2) != null) {
+                buf.append("\\@");
+            }
+        }
+        m.appendTail(buf);
+    }
+
+
+    public static String byteToString(byte[] data) {
+        StringBuffer buffer = new StringBuffer();
+        for (int i = 0; i < data.length; i++) {
+            buffer.append(HEXCHAR[(data[i] >>> 4) & 0x0F]);
+            buffer.append(HEXCHAR[(data[i]) & 0x0F]);
+        }
+        return buffer.toString();
+
+    }
+
+    private static final char[] HEXCHAR = {
+        '0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7',
+        '8', '9', 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f'
+    };
+
+    public static void writeObject(Class type, Object object, OutputStream out) {
+        if (type == Void.TYPE) {
+            // do nothing for a void
+        } else if (type == Boolean.TYPE) {
+            out.write_boolean(((Boolean) object).booleanValue());
+        } else if (type == Byte.TYPE) {
+            out.write_octet(((Byte) object).byteValue());
+        } else if (type == Character.TYPE) {
+            out.write_wchar(((Character) object).charValue());
+        } else if (type == Double.TYPE) {
+            out.write_double(((Double) object).doubleValue());
+        } else if (type == Float.TYPE) {
+            out.write_float(((Float) object).floatValue());
+        } else if (type == Integer.TYPE) {
+            out.write_long(((Integer) object).intValue());
+        } else if (type == Long.TYPE) {
+            out.write_longlong(((Long) object).longValue());
+        } else if (type == Short.TYPE) {
+            out.write_short(((Short) object).shortValue());
+        }  else {
+            // object types must be written in the context of the CORBA application server
+            // which properly write replaces our objects for CORBA
+            // ApplicationServer oldApplicationServer = ServerFederation.getApplicationServer();
+            try {
+                // ServerFederation.setApplicationServer(corbaApplicationServer);
+
+                // todo check if
+                // copy the result to force replacement
+                // CORBA does not call writeReplace on remote proxies
+                //
+                // HOWEVER, if this is an array, then we don't want to do the replacement 
+                // because we can end up with a replacement element that's not compatible with the 
+                // original array type, which results in an ArrayStoreException.  Fortunately, 
+                // the Yoko RMI support appears to be able to sort this out for us correctly. 
+                if (object instanceof Serializable && !object.getClass().isArray()) {
+                    try {
+                        object = copyObj(Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader(), object);
+                    } catch (Exception e) {
+                        throw new UnknownException(e);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                if (type == Object.class || type == Serializable.class) {
+                    javax.rmi.CORBA.Util.writeAny(out, object);
+                } else if (org.omg.CORBA.Object.class.isAssignableFrom(type)) {
+                    out.write_Object((org.omg.CORBA.Object) object);
+                } else if (Remote.class.isAssignableFrom(type)) {
+                    javax.rmi.CORBA.Util.writeRemoteObject(out, object);
+                } else if (type.isInterface() && Serializable.class.isAssignableFrom(type)) {
+                    javax.rmi.CORBA.Util.writeAbstractObject(out, object);
+                } else {
+                    out.write_value((Serializable) object, type);
+                }
+            } finally {
+                // ServerFederation.setApplicationServer(oldApplicationServer);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static Object copyObj(ClassLoader classLoader, Object object) throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
+        ByteArrayOutputStream baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        ObjectOutputStream oos = new ObjectOutputStream(baos);
+        oos.writeObject(object);
+        oos.flush();
+        oos.close();
+        ByteArrayInputStream bais = new ByteArrayInputStream(baos.toByteArray());
+        ObjectInputStreamExt ois = new ObjectInputStreamExt(bais, classLoader);
+        return ois.readObject();
+    }
+
+    public static Object readObject(Class type, InputStream in) {
+        if (type == Void.TYPE) {
+            return null;
+        } else if (type == Boolean.TYPE) {
+            return new Boolean(in.read_boolean());
+        } else if (type == Byte.TYPE) {
+            return new Byte(in.read_octet());
+        } else if (type == Character.TYPE) {
+            return new Character(in.read_wchar());
+        } else if (type == Double.TYPE) {
+            return new Double(in.read_double());
+        } else if (type == Float.TYPE) {
+            return new Float(in.read_float());
+        } else if (type == Integer.TYPE) {
+            return new Integer(in.read_long());
+        } else if (type == Long.TYPE) {
+            return new Long(in.read_longlong());
+        } else if (type == Short.TYPE) {
+            return new Short(in.read_short());
+        } else if (type == Object.class || type == Serializable.class) {
+            return javax.rmi.CORBA.Util.readAny(in);
+        } else if (org.omg.CORBA.Object.class.isAssignableFrom(type)) {
+            return in.read_Object(type);
+        } else if (Remote.class.isAssignableFrom(type)) {
+            return PortableRemoteObject.narrow(in.read_Object(), type);
+        } else if (type.isInterface() && Serializable.class.isAssignableFrom(type)) {
+            return in.read_abstract_interface();
+        } else {
+            return in.read_value(type);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static void throwException(Method method, InputStream in) throws Throwable {
+        // read the exception id
+        final String id = in.read_string();
+
+        // get the class name from the id
+        if (!id.startsWith("IDL:")) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        Class[] exceptionTypes = method.getExceptionTypes();
+        for (int i = 0; i < exceptionTypes.length; i++) {
+            Class exceptionType = exceptionTypes[i];
+
+            String exceptionId = getExceptionId(exceptionType);
+            if (id.equals(exceptionId)) {
+                throw (Throwable) in.read_value(exceptionType);
+            }
+        }
+        throw new UnexpectedException(id);
+    }
+
+    public static OutputStream writeUserException(Method method, ResponseHandler reply, Exception exception) throws Exception {
+        if (exception instanceof RuntimeException || exception instanceof RemoteException) {
+            throw exception;
+        }
+
+        Class[] exceptionTypes = method.getExceptionTypes();
+        for (int i = 0; i < exceptionTypes.length; i++) {
+            Class exceptionType = exceptionTypes[i];
+            if (!exceptionType.isInstance(exception)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            OutputStream out = (OutputStream) reply.createExceptionReply();
+            String exceptionId = getExceptionId(exceptionType);
+            out.write_string(exceptionId);
+            out.write_value(exception);
+            return out;
+        }
+        throw exception;
+    }
+
+    public static String getExceptionId(Class exceptionType) {
+        String exceptionName = exceptionType.getName().replace('.', '/');
+        if (exceptionName.endsWith("Exception")) {
+            exceptionName = exceptionName.substring(0, exceptionName.length() - "Exception".length());
+        }
+        exceptionName += "Ex";
+        String exceptionId = "IDL:" + exceptionName + ":1.0";
+        return exceptionId;
+    }
+
+    public static String[] createCorbaIds(Class type) {
+        List ids = new LinkedList();
+        for (Iterator iterator = getAllInterfaces(type).iterator(); iterator.hasNext();) {
+            Class superInterface = (Class) iterator.next();
+            if (Remote.class.isAssignableFrom(superInterface) && superInterface != Remote.class) {
+                ids.add("RMI:" + superInterface.getName() + ":0000000000000000");
+            }
+        }
+        return (String[]) ids.toArray(new String[ids.size()]);
+    }
+
+    private static Set getAllInterfaces(Class intfClass) {
+        Set allInterfaces = new LinkedHashSet();
+
+        LinkedList stack = new LinkedList();
+        stack.addFirst(intfClass);
+
+        while (!stack.isEmpty()) {
+            Class intf = (Class) stack.removeFirst();
+            allInterfaces.add(intf);
+            stack.addAll(0, Arrays.asList(intf.getInterfaces()));
+        }
+
+        return allInterfaces;
+    }
+
+    public static Map mapMethodToOperation(Class intfClass) {
+        return iiopMap(intfClass, false);
+    }
+
+    public static Map mapOperationToMethod(Class intfClass) {
+        return iiopMap(intfClass, true);
+    }
+
+    private static Map iiopMap(Class intfClass, boolean operationToMethod) {
+        Method[] methods = getAllMethods(intfClass);
+
+        // find every valid getter
+        HashMap getterByMethod = new HashMap(methods.length);
+        HashMap getterByName = new HashMap(methods.length);
+        for (int i = 0; i < methods.length; i++) {
+            Method method = methods[i];
+            String methodName = method.getName();
+
+            // no arguments allowed
+            if (method.getParameterTypes().length != 0) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            // must start with get or is
+            String verb;
+            if (methodName.startsWith("get") && methodName.length() > 3 && method.getReturnType() != void.class) {
+                verb = "get";
+            } else if (methodName.startsWith("is") && methodName.length() > 2 && method.getReturnType() == boolean.class) {
+                verb = "is";
+            } else {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            // must only throw Remote or Runtime Exceptions
+            boolean exceptionsValid = true;
+            Class[] exceptionTypes = method.getExceptionTypes();
+            for (int j = 0; j < exceptionTypes.length; j++) {
+                Class exceptionType = exceptionTypes[j];
+                if (!RemoteException.class.isAssignableFrom(exceptionType) &&
+                        !RuntimeException.class.isAssignableFrom(exceptionType) &&
+                        !Error.class.isAssignableFrom(exceptionType)) {
+                    exceptionsValid = false;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            if (!exceptionsValid) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            String propertyName;
+            if (methodName.length() > verb.length() + 1 && Character.isUpperCase(methodName.charAt(verb.length() + 1))) {
+                propertyName = methodName.substring(verb.length());
+            } else {
+                propertyName = Character.toLowerCase(methodName.charAt(verb.length())) + methodName.substring(verb.length() + 1);
+            }
+            getterByMethod.put(method, propertyName);
+            getterByName.put(propertyName, method);
+        }
+
+        HashMap setterByMethod = new HashMap(methods.length);
+        for (int i = 0; i < methods.length; i++) {
+            Method method = methods[i];
+            String methodName = method.getName();
+
+            // must have exactally one arg
+            if (method.getParameterTypes().length != 1) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            // must return non void
+            if (method.getReturnType() != void.class) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            // must start with set
+            if (!methodName.startsWith("set") || methodName.length() <= 3) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            // must only throw Remote or Runtime Exceptions
+            boolean exceptionsValid = true;
+            Class[] exceptionTypes = method.getExceptionTypes();
+            for (int j = 0; j < exceptionTypes.length; j++) {
+                Class exceptionType = exceptionTypes[j];
+                if (!RemoteException.class.isAssignableFrom(exceptionType) &&
+                        !RuntimeException.class.isAssignableFrom(exceptionType) &&
+                        !Error.class.isAssignableFrom(exceptionType)) {
+                    exceptionsValid = false;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            if (!exceptionsValid) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            String propertyName;
+            if (methodName.length() > 4 && Character.isUpperCase(methodName.charAt(4))) {
+                propertyName = methodName.substring(3);
+            } else {
+                propertyName = Character.toLowerCase(methodName.charAt(3)) + methodName.substring(4);
+            }
+
+            // must have a matching getter
+            Method getter = (Method) getterByName.get(propertyName);
+            if (getter == null) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            // setter property must match getter return value
+            if (!method.getParameterTypes()[0].equals(getter.getReturnType())) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            setterByMethod.put(method, propertyName);
+        }
+
+        // index the methods by name... used to determine which methods are overloaded
+        HashMap overloadedMethods = new HashMap(methods.length);
+        for (int i = 0; i < methods.length; i++) {
+            Method method = methods[i];
+            if (getterByMethod.containsKey(method) || setterByMethod.containsKey(method)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            String methodName = method.getName();
+            List methodList = (List) overloadedMethods.get(methodName);
+            if (methodList == null) {
+                methodList = new LinkedList();
+                overloadedMethods.put(methodName, methodList);
+            }
+            methodList.add(method);
+        }
+
+        // index the methods by lower case name... used to determine which methods differ only by case
+        HashMap caseCollisionMethods = new HashMap(methods.length);
+        for (int i = 0; i < methods.length; i++) {
+            Method method = methods[i];
+            if (getterByMethod.containsKey(method) || setterByMethod.containsKey(method)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            String lowerCaseMethodName = method.getName().toLowerCase();
+            Set methodSet = (Set) caseCollisionMethods.get(lowerCaseMethodName);
+            if (methodSet == null) {
+                methodSet = new HashSet();
+                caseCollisionMethods.put(lowerCaseMethodName, methodSet);
+            }
+            methodSet.add(method.getName());
+        }
+
+        String className = getClassName(intfClass);
+        Map iiopMap = new HashMap(methods.length);
+        for (int i = 0; i < methods.length; i++) {
+            Method method = methods[i];
+
+            String iiopName = (String) getterByMethod.get(method);
+            if (iiopName != null) {
+                // if we have a leading underscore prepend with J
+                if (iiopName.charAt(0) == '_') {
+                    iiopName = "J_get_" + iiopName.substring(1);
+                } else {
+                    iiopName = "_get_" + iiopName;
+                }
+            } else {
+                iiopName = (String) setterByMethod.get(method);
+                if (iiopName != null) {
+                    // if we have a leading underscore prepend with J
+                    if (iiopName.charAt(0) == '_') {
+                        iiopName = "J_set_" + iiopName.substring(1);
+                    } else {
+                        iiopName = "_set_" + iiopName;
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    iiopName = method.getName();
+
+                    // if we have a leading underscore prepend with J
+                    if (iiopName.charAt(0) == '_') {
+                        iiopName = "J" + iiopName;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            // if this name only differs by case add the case index to the end
+            Set caseCollisions = (Set) caseCollisionMethods.get(method.getName().toLowerCase());
+            if (caseCollisions != null && caseCollisions.size() > 1) {
+                iiopName += upperCaseIndexString(iiopName);
+            }
+
+            // if this is an overloaded method append the parameter string
+            List overloads = (List) overloadedMethods.get(method.getName());
+            if (overloads != null && overloads.size() > 1) {
+                iiopName += buildOverloadParameterString(method.getParameterTypes());
+            }
+
+            // if we have a leading underscore prepend with J
+            iiopName = replace(iiopName, '$', "U0024");
+
+            // if we have matched a keyword prepend with an underscore
+            if (keywords.contains(iiopName.toLowerCase())) {
+                iiopName = "_" + iiopName;
+            }
+
+            // if the name is the same as the class name, append an underscore
+            if (iiopName.equalsIgnoreCase(className)) {
+                iiopName += "_";
+            }
+
+            if (operationToMethod) {
+                iiopMap.put(iiopName, method);
+            } else {
+                iiopMap.put(method, iiopName);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return iiopMap;
+    }
+
+    private static Method[] getAllMethods(Class intfClass) {
+        LinkedList methods = new LinkedList();
+        for (Iterator iterator = getAllInterfaces(intfClass).iterator(); iterator.hasNext();) {
+            Class intf = (Class) iterator.next();
+            methods.addAll(Arrays.asList(intf.getDeclaredMethods()));
+        }
+
+        return (Method[]) methods.toArray(new Method[methods.size()]);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Return the a string containing an underscore '_' index of each uppercase character in the IIOP name.
+     *
+     * This is used for distinction of names that only differ by case, since CORBA does not support case sensitive names.
+     */
+    private static String upperCaseIndexString(String iiopName) {
+        StringBuffer stringBuffer = new StringBuffer();
+        for (int i = 0; i < iiopName.length(); i++) {
+            char c = iiopName.charAt(i);
+            if (Character.isUpperCase(c)) {
+                stringBuffer.append('_').append(i);
+            }
+        }
+        return stringBuffer.toString();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Replaces any occurances of the specified "oldChar" with the new string.
+     *
+     * This is used to replace occurances if '$' in CORBA names since '$' is a special character
+     */
+    private static String replace(String source, char oldChar, String newString) {
+        StringBuffer stringBuffer = new StringBuffer(source.length());
+        for (int i = 0; i < source.length(); i++) {
+            char c = source.charAt(i);
+            if (c == oldChar) {
+                stringBuffer.append(newString);
+            } else {
+                stringBuffer.append(c);
+            }
+        }
+        return stringBuffer.toString();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Return the a string containing a double underscore '__' list of parameter types encoded using the Java to IDL rules.
+     *
+     * This is used for distinction of methods that only differ by parameter lists.
+     */
+    private static String buildOverloadParameterString(Class[] parameterTypes) {
+        String name = "";
+        if (parameterTypes.length ==0) {
+            name += "__";
+        } else {
+            for (int i = 0; i < parameterTypes.length; i++) {
+                Class parameterType = parameterTypes[i];
+                name += buildOverloadParameterString(parameterType);
+            }
+        }
+        return name.replace('.', '_');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a single parameter type encoded using the Java to IDL rules.
+     */
+    private static String buildOverloadParameterString(Class parameterType) {
+        String name = "_";
+
+        int arrayDimensions = 0;
+        while (parameterType.isArray()) {
+            arrayDimensions++;
+            parameterType = parameterType.getComponentType();
+        }
+
+        // arrays start with org_omg_boxedRMI_
+        if (arrayDimensions > 0) {
+            name += "_org_omg_boxedRMI";
+        }
+
+        // IDLEntity types must be prefixed with org_omg_boxedIDL_
+        if (IDLEntity.class.isAssignableFrom(parameterType)) {
+            name += "_org_omg_boxedIDL";
+        }
+
+        // add package... some types have special mappings in corba
+        String packageName = (String) specialTypePackages.get(parameterType.getName());
+        if (packageName == null) {
+            packageName = getPackageName(parameterType.getName());
+        }
+        if (packageName.length() > 0) {
+            name += "_" + packageName;
+        }
+
+        // arrays now contain a dimension indicator
+        if (arrayDimensions > 0) {
+            name += "_" + "seq" + arrayDimensions;
+        }
+
+        // add the class name
+        String className = (String) specialTypeNames.get(parameterType.getName());
+        if (className == null) {
+            className = buildClassName(parameterType);
+        }
+        name += "_" + className;
+
+        return name;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a string containing an encoded class name.
+     */
+    private static String buildClassName(Class type) {
+        if (type.isArray()) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("type is an array: " + type);
+        }
+
+        // get the classname
+        String typeName = type.getName();
+        int endIndex = typeName.lastIndexOf('.');
+        if (endIndex < 0) {
+            return typeName;
+        }
+        StringBuffer className = new StringBuffer(typeName.substring(endIndex + 1));
+
+        // for innerclasses replace the $ separator with two underscores
+        // we can't just blindly replace all $ characters since class names can contain the $ character
+        if (type.getDeclaringClass() != null) {
+            String declaringClassName = getClassName(type.getDeclaringClass());
+            assert className.toString().startsWith(declaringClassName + "$");
+            className.replace(declaringClassName.length(), declaringClassName.length() + 1, "__");
+        }
+
+        // if we have a leading underscore prepend with J
+        if (className.charAt(0) == '_') {
+            className.insert(0, "J");
+        }
+        return className.toString();
+    }
+
+    private static String getClassName(Class type) {
+        if (type.isArray()) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("type is an array: " + type);
+        }
+
+        // get the classname
+        String typeName = type.getName();
+        int endIndex = typeName.lastIndexOf('.');
+        if (endIndex < 0) {
+            return typeName;
+        }
+        return typeName.substring(endIndex + 1);
+    }
+
+    private static String getPackageName(String interfaceName) {
+        int endIndex = interfaceName.lastIndexOf('.');
+        if (endIndex < 0) {
+            return "";
+        }
+        return interfaceName.substring(0, endIndex);
+    }
+
+    private static final Map specialTypeNames;
+    private static final Map specialTypePackages;
+    private static final Set keywords;
+
+    static {
+       specialTypeNames = new HashMap();
+       specialTypeNames.put("boolean", "boolean");
+       specialTypeNames.put("char", "wchar");
+       specialTypeNames.put("byte", "octet");
+       specialTypeNames.put("short", "short");
+       specialTypeNames.put("int", "long");
+       specialTypeNames.put("long", "long_long");
+       specialTypeNames.put("float", "float");
+       specialTypeNames.put("double", "double");
+       specialTypeNames.put("java.lang.Class", "ClassDesc");
+       specialTypeNames.put("java.lang.String", "WStringValue");
+       specialTypeNames.put("org.omg.CORBA.Object", "Object");
+
+       specialTypePackages = new HashMap();
+       specialTypePackages.put("boolean", "");
+       specialTypePackages.put("char", "");
+       specialTypePackages.put("byte", "");
+       specialTypePackages.put("short", "");
+       specialTypePackages.put("int", "");
+       specialTypePackages.put("long", "");
+       specialTypePackages.put("float", "");
+       specialTypePackages.put("double", "");
+       specialTypePackages.put("java.lang.Class", "javax.rmi.CORBA");
+       specialTypePackages.put("java.lang.String", "CORBA");
+       specialTypePackages.put("org.omg.CORBA.Object", "");
+
+       keywords = new HashSet();
+       keywords.add("abstract");
+       keywords.add("any");
+       keywords.add("attribute");
+       keywords.add("boolean");
+       keywords.add("case");
+       keywords.add("char");
+       keywords.add("const");
+       keywords.add("context");
+       keywords.add("custom");
+       keywords.add("default");
+       keywords.add("double");
+       keywords.add("enum");
+       keywords.add("exception");
+       keywords.add("factory");
+       keywords.add("false");
+       keywords.add("fixed");
+       keywords.add("float");
+       keywords.add("in");
+       keywords.add("inout");
+       keywords.add("interface");
+       keywords.add("long");
+       keywords.add("module");
+       keywords.add("native");
+       keywords.add("object");
+       keywords.add("octet");
+       keywords.add("oneway");
+       keywords.add("out");
+       keywords.add("private");
+       keywords.add("public");
+       keywords.add("raises");
+       keywords.add("readonly");
+       keywords.add("sequence");
+       keywords.add("short");
+       keywords.add("string");
+       keywords.add("struct");
+       keywords.add("supports");
+       keywords.add("switch");
+       keywords.add("true");
+       keywords.add("truncatable");
+       keywords.add("typedef");
+       keywords.add("union");
+       keywords.add("unsigned");
+       keywords.add("valuebase");
+       keywords.add("valuetype");
+       keywords.add("void");
+       keywords.add("wchar");
+       keywords.add("wstring");
+    }
+
+}
diff --git a/sca-java-2.x/branches/sca-java-2.0-M4/modules/binding-ejb-runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/tuscany/sca/binding/ejb/corba/ObjectInputStreamExt.java b/sca-java-2.x/branches/sca-java-2.0-M4/modules/binding-ejb-runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/tuscany/sca/binding/ejb/corba/ObjectInputStreamExt.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1be4a98a48
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sca-java-2.x/branches/sca-java-2.0-M4/modules/binding-ejb-runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/tuscany/sca/binding/ejb/corba/ObjectInputStreamExt.java
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ * 
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.    
+ */
+package org.apache.tuscany.sca.binding.ejb.corba;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.ObjectInputStream;
+import java.io.ObjectStreamClass;
+import java.lang.reflect.Proxy;
+
+/**
+ * @version $Rev$ $Date$
+ */
+public class ObjectInputStreamExt extends ObjectInputStream {
+
+    private ClassLoader classloader;
+
+    public ObjectInputStreamExt(InputStream in, ClassLoader loader) throws IOException {
+        super(in);
+        this.classloader = loader;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected Class resolveClass(ObjectStreamClass classDesc) throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
+        return ClassLoadingUtil.loadClass(classDesc.getName(), classloader);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected Class resolveProxyClass(String[] interfaces) throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
+        Class[] cinterfaces = new Class[interfaces.length];
+        for (int i = 0; i < interfaces.length; i++)
+            cinterfaces[i] = classloader.loadClass(interfaces[i]);
+
+        try {
+            return Proxy.getProxyClass(classloader, cinterfaces);
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
+            throw new ClassNotFoundException(null, e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    ClassLoader getClassloader() {
+        return classloader;
+    }
+
+}
diff --git a/sca-java-2.x/branches/sca-java-2.0-M4/modules/binding-ejb-runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/tuscany/sca/binding/ejb/corba/StubMethodInterceptor.java b/sca-java-2.x/branches/sca-java-2.0-M4/modules/binding-ejb-runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/tuscany/sca/binding/ejb/corba/StubMethodInterceptor.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3ff0ed552a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sca-java-2.x/branches/sca-java-2.0-M4/modules/binding-ejb-runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/tuscany/sca/binding/ejb/corba/StubMethodInterceptor.java
@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ * 
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.    
+ */
+package org.apache.tuscany.sca.binding.ejb.corba;
+
+import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
+import java.lang.reflect.Method;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import javax.ejb.EJBObject;
+import javax.rmi.CORBA.Stub;
+import javax.rmi.CORBA.Util;
+
+import net.sf.cglib.proxy.MethodInterceptor;
+import net.sf.cglib.proxy.MethodProxy;
+
+import org.omg.CORBA.SystemException;
+import org.omg.CORBA.portable.ApplicationException;
+import org.omg.CORBA.portable.RemarshalException;
+import org.omg.CORBA.portable.ServantObject;
+import org.omg.CORBA_2_3.portable.InputStream;
+import org.omg.CORBA_2_3.portable.OutputStream;
+
+/**
+ * @version $Revision$ $Date$
+ */
+public class StubMethodInterceptor implements MethodInterceptor {
+    private static final Method ISIDENTICAL;
+
+    static {
+        try {
+            ISIDENTICAL = EJBObject.class.getMethod("isIdentical", new Class[]{EJBObject.class});
+        } catch (NoSuchMethodException e) {
+            throw new ExceptionInInitializerError(e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private final Class type;
+    private final Map operations;
+
+    public StubMethodInterceptor(Class type) {
+        this.type = type;
+        this.operations = Collections.unmodifiableMap(org.apache.tuscany.sca.binding.ejb.corba.Java2IDLUtil.mapMethodToOperation(type));
+    }
+
+    public Object intercept(Object proxy, Method method, Object[] args, MethodProxy methodProxy) throws Throwable {
+        Stub stub = (Stub) proxy;
+
+        // handle is identical in stub to avoid unnecessary round trip
+        if (method.equals(ISIDENTICAL)) {
+            org.omg.CORBA.Object otherObject = (org.omg.CORBA.Object) args[0];
+            return new Boolean(stub._is_equivalent(otherObject));
+        }
+
+        // get the operation name object
+        String operationName = (String) operations.get(method);
+        if (operationName == null) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Unknown method: " + method);
+        }
+
+        while (true) {
+            // if this is a stub to a remote object we invoke over the wire
+            if (!Util.isLocal(stub)) {
+
+                InputStream in = null;
+                try {
+                    // create the request output stream
+                    OutputStream out = (OutputStream) stub._request(operationName, true);
+
+                    // write the arguments
+                    Class[] parameterTypes = method.getParameterTypes();
+                    for (int i = 0; i < parameterTypes.length; i++) {
+                        Class parameterType = parameterTypes[i];
+                        org.apache.tuscany.sca.binding.ejb.corba.Java2IDLUtil.writeObject(parameterType, args[i], out);
+                    }
+
+                    // send the invocation
+                    in = (InputStream) stub._invoke(out);
+
+                    // read the result
+                    Object result = org.apache.tuscany.sca.binding.ejb.corba.Java2IDLUtil.readObject(method.getReturnType(), in);
+                    return result;
+                } catch (RemarshalException exception) {
+                    continue;
+                } catch (ApplicationException exception) {
+                    org.apache.tuscany.sca.binding.ejb.corba.Java2IDLUtil.throwException(method, (InputStream) exception.getInputStream());
+                } catch (SystemException e) {
+                    throw Util.mapSystemException(e);
+                } finally {
+                    stub._releaseReply(in);
+                }
+            } else {
+                // get the servant
+                ServantObject servantObject = stub._servant_preinvoke(operationName, type);
+                if (servantObject == null) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                try {
+                    // copy the arguments
+                    Object[] argsCopy = Util.copyObjects(args, stub._orb());
+
+                    // invoke the servant
+                    Object result = null;
+                    try {
+                        result = method.invoke(servantObject.servant, argsCopy);
+                    } catch (InvocationTargetException e) {
+                        if (e.getCause() != null) {
+                            throw e.getCause();
+                        }
+                        throw e;
+                    }
+
+                    // copy the result
+                    result = Util.copyObject(result, stub._orb());
+
+                    return result;
+                } catch (Throwable throwable) {
+                    // copy the exception
+                    Throwable throwableCopy = (Throwable) Util.copyObject(throwable, stub._orb());
+
+                    // if it is one of my exception rethrow it
+                    Class[] exceptionTypes = method.getExceptionTypes();
+                    for (int i = 0; i < exceptionTypes.length; i++) {
+                        Class exceptionType = exceptionTypes[i];
+                        if (exceptionType.isInstance(throwableCopy)) {
+                            throw throwableCopy;
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    throw Util.wrapException(throwableCopy);
+                } finally {
+                    stub._servant_postinvoke(servantObject);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/sca-java-2.x/branches/sca-java-2.0-M4/modules/binding-ejb-runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/tuscany/sca/binding/ejb/corba/UtilInitializer.java b/sca-java-2.x/branches/sca-java-2.0-M4/modules/binding-ejb-runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/tuscany/sca/binding/ejb/corba/UtilInitializer.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f9aa9ffa22
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sca-java-2.x/branches/sca-java-2.0-M4/modules/binding-ejb-runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/tuscany/sca/binding/ejb/corba/UtilInitializer.java
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ * 
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.    
+ */
+package org.apache.tuscany.sca.binding.ejb.corba;
+
+import org.omg.CORBA.LocalObject;
+import org.omg.PortableInterceptor.ORBInitInfo;
+import org.omg.PortableInterceptor.ORBInitializer;
+
+/**
+ * The sole purpose of this initializer is to register a non-singleton ORB
+ * with the class <code>Util</code>.
+ *
+ * @version $Revision$ $Date$
+ * @see Java2IDLUtil
+ */
+public class UtilInitializer extends LocalObject implements ORBInitializer {
+
+    private static final long serialVersionUID = 4901857563505370955L;
+
+    /**
+     * Called during ORB initialization.  If it is expected that initial
+     * services registered by an interceptor will be used by other
+     * interceptors, then those initial services shall be registered at
+     * this point via calls to
+     * <code>ORBInitInfo.register_initial_reference</code>.
+     *
+     * @param info provides initialization attributes and operations by
+     *             which Interceptors can be registered.
+     */
+    public void pre_init(ORBInitInfo info) {
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Called during ORB initialization. If a service must resolve initial
+     * references as part of its initialization, it can assume that all
+     * initial references will be available at this point.
+     * <p/>
+     * Calling the <code>post_init</code> operations is not the final
+     * task of ORB initialization. The final task, following the
+     * <code>post_init</code> calls, is attaching the lists of registered
+     * interceptors to the ORB. Therefore, the ORB does not contain the
+     * interceptors during calls to <code>post_init</code>. If an
+     * ORB-mediated call is made from within <code>post_init</code>, no
+     * request interceptors will be invoked on that call.
+     * Likewise, if an operation is performed which causes an IOR to be
+     * created, no IOR interceptors will be invoked.
+     *
+     * @param info provides initialization attributes and
+     *             operations by which Interceptors can be registered.
+     */
+    public void post_init(ORBInitInfo info) {
+    }
+}
diff --git a/sca-java-2.x/branches/sca-java-2.0-M4/modules/binding-ejb-runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/tuscany/sca/binding/ejb/provider/EJBBindingInvoker.java b/sca-java-2.x/branches/sca-java-2.0-M4/modules/binding-ejb-runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/tuscany/sca/binding/ejb/provider/EJBBindingInvoker.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9247c1d3db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sca-java-2.x/branches/sca-java-2.0-M4/modules/binding-ejb-runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/tuscany/sca/binding/ejb/provider/EJBBindingInvoker.java
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ * 
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.    
+ */
+package org.apache.tuscany.sca.binding.ejb.provider;
+
+import org.apache.tuscany.sca.binding.ejb.EJBBinding;
+import org.apache.tuscany.sca.binding.ejb.util.EJBHandler;
+import org.apache.tuscany.sca.binding.ejb.util.NamingEndpoint;
+import org.apache.tuscany.sca.interfacedef.Operation;
+import org.apache.tuscany.sca.invocation.Invoker;
+import org.apache.tuscany.sca.invocation.Message;
+import org.apache.tuscany.sca.invocation.DataExchangeSemantics;
+
+/**
+ * EJBTargetInvoker
+ *
+ * @version $Rev$ $Date$
+ */
+public class EJBBindingInvoker implements Invoker, DataExchangeSemantics {
+
+    private Operation operation;
+    private String location;
+    private Class serviceInterface;
+
+    public EJBBindingInvoker(EJBBinding ejbBinding, Class serviceInterface, Operation operation) {
+        this.serviceInterface = serviceInterface;
+        this.location = ejbBinding.getURI();
+        this.operation = operation;
+    }
+
+    public Message invoke(Message msg) {
+        ClassLoader tccl = Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader();
+        try {
+            Thread.currentThread().setContextClassLoader(serviceInterface.getClassLoader());
+            Object resp = doInvoke(msg.getBody());
+            msg.setBody(resp);
+        } catch (Throwable e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+            msg.setFaultBody(e);
+        } finally {
+            Thread.currentThread().setContextClassLoader(tccl);
+        }
+        return msg;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Invoke a EJB operation
+     * 
+     * @param payload
+     * @return
+     */
+    public Object doInvoke(final Object payload) {
+
+        // construct NamingendPoint
+        NamingEndpoint endpoint = getNamingEndpoint();
+
+        // lookup home and ejb stub
+        EJBHandler ejbHandler = new EJBHandler(endpoint, serviceInterface);
+
+        String methodName = operation.getName();
+
+        // invoke business method on ejb
+        Object response = ejbHandler.invoke(methodName, (Object[])payload);
+
+        return response;
+    }
+
+    protected NamingEndpoint getNamingEndpoint() {
+        return new NamingEndpoint(location);
+    }
+    
+    public boolean allowsPassByReference() {
+        // EJB RMI/IIOP always pass by value
+        return true;
+    }
+
+}
diff --git a/sca-java-2.x/branches/sca-java-2.0-M4/modules/binding-ejb-runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/tuscany/sca/binding/ejb/provider/EJBBindingProviderFactory.java b/sca-java-2.x/branches/sca-java-2.0-M4/modules/binding-ejb-runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/tuscany/sca/binding/ejb/provider/EJBBindingProviderFactory.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f2647bdd2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sca-java-2.x/branches/sca-java-2.0-M4/modules/binding-ejb-runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/tuscany/sca/binding/ejb/provider/EJBBindingProviderFactory.java
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ * 
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.    
+ */
+package org.apache.tuscany.sca.binding.ejb.provider;
+
+import org.apache.tuscany.sca.assembly.Endpoint;
+import org.apache.tuscany.sca.assembly.EndpointReference;
+import org.apache.tuscany.sca.binding.ejb.EJBBinding;
+import org.apache.tuscany.sca.core.ExtensionPointRegistry;
+import org.apache.tuscany.sca.provider.BindingProviderFactory;
+import org.apache.tuscany.sca.provider.ReferenceBindingProvider;
+import org.apache.tuscany.sca.provider.ServiceBindingProvider;
+import org.apache.tuscany.sca.runtime.RuntimeComponent;
+import org.apache.tuscany.sca.runtime.RuntimeComponentReference;
+
+/**
+ * A factory from creating the EJB binding provider.
+ *
+ * @version $Rev$ $Date$
+ */
+public class EJBBindingProviderFactory implements BindingProviderFactory<EJBBinding> {
+
+    public EJBBindingProviderFactory(ExtensionPointRegistry extensionPoints) {
+    	// empty constructor
+    }
+    
+    public ReferenceBindingProvider createReferenceBindingProvider(EndpointReference endpointReference) {
+    	return new EJBBindingReferenceBindingProvider((RuntimeComponent)endpointReference.getComponent(), 
+    												  (RuntimeComponentReference)endpointReference.getReference(), 
+    												  (EJBBinding)endpointReference.getBinding());
+    }
+
+    public ServiceBindingProvider createServiceBindingProvider(Endpoint endpoint) {
+    	// Service Binding not supported for EJB Binding
+    	return null;
+    }
+
+    public Class<EJBBinding> getModelType() {
+        return EJBBinding.class;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/sca-java-2.x/branches/sca-java-2.0-M4/modules/binding-ejb-runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/tuscany/sca/binding/ejb/provider/EJBBindingReferenceBindingProvider.java b/sca-java-2.x/branches/sca-java-2.0-M4/modules/binding-ejb-runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/tuscany/sca/binding/ejb/provider/EJBBindingReferenceBindingProvider.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2a02bf0d08
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sca-java-2.x/branches/sca-java-2.0-M4/modules/binding-ejb-runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/tuscany/sca/binding/ejb/provider/EJBBindingReferenceBindingProvider.java
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ * 
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.    
+ */
+package org.apache.tuscany.sca.binding.ejb.provider;
+
+import org.apache.tuscany.sca.binding.ejb.EJBBinding;
+import org.apache.tuscany.sca.interfacedef.InterfaceContract;
+import org.apache.tuscany.sca.interfacedef.Operation;
+import org.apache.tuscany.sca.interfacedef.java.JavaInterface;
+import org.apache.tuscany.sca.invocation.Invoker;
+import org.apache.tuscany.sca.provider.ReferenceBindingProvider;
+import org.apache.tuscany.sca.runtime.RuntimeComponent;
+import org.apache.tuscany.sca.runtime.RuntimeComponentReference;
+
+/**
+ * Implementation of the ReferenceBindingProvider for the EJBBinding.
+ *
+ * @version $Rev$ $Date$
+ */
+public class EJBBindingReferenceBindingProvider implements ReferenceBindingProvider {
+    private EJBBinding ejbBinding;
+    private RuntimeComponentReference reference;
+
+    /**
+     * Constructor
+     * 
+     * @param component
+     * @param reference
+     * @param binding
+     */
+    public EJBBindingReferenceBindingProvider(RuntimeComponent component,
+                                              RuntimeComponentReference reference,
+                                              EJBBinding binding) {
+        this.reference = reference;
+        this.ejbBinding = binding;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public Invoker createInvoker(Operation operation) {
+        return new EJBBindingInvoker(ejbBinding, ((JavaInterface)reference.getInterfaceContract().getInterface())
+            .getJavaClass(), operation);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public InterfaceContract getBindingInterfaceContract() {
+        return reference.getInterfaceContract();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public void start() {
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public void stop() {
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public boolean supportsOneWayInvocation() {
+        return true;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/sca-java-2.x/branches/sca-java-2.0-M4/modules/binding-ejb-runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/tuscany/sca/binding/ejb/util/EJBHandler.java b/sca-java-2.x/branches/sca-java-2.0-M4/modules/binding-ejb-runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/tuscany/sca/binding/ejb/util/EJBHandler.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c7c0f90710
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sca-java-2.x/branches/sca-java-2.0-M4/modules/binding-ejb-runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/tuscany/sca/binding/ejb/util/EJBHandler.java
@@ -0,0 +1,338 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ * 
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.    
+ */
+package org.apache.tuscany.sca.binding.ejb.util;
+
+import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
+import java.lang.reflect.Method;
+import java.rmi.RemoteException;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import javax.ejb.EJBObject;
+import javax.rmi.CORBA.Util;
+
+import org.apache.tuscany.sca.binding.ejb.corba.ClassLoadingUtil;
+import org.omg.CORBA.ORB;
+import org.omg.CORBA.SystemException;
+import org.omg.CORBA.portable.ApplicationException;
+import org.omg.CORBA.portable.ObjectImpl;
+import org.omg.CORBA.portable.RemarshalException;
+import org.omg.CORBA.portable.ServantObject;
+import org.omg.CORBA_2_3.portable.InputStream;
+import org.omg.CORBA_2_3.portable.OutputStream;
+import org.oasisopen.sca.ServiceRuntimeException;
+
+/**
+ * EJBMessageHandler
+ *
+ * @version $Rev$ $Date$
+ */
+public class EJBHandler {
+    private static final Map<String, Class> PRIMITIVE_TYPES = new HashMap<String, Class>();
+    static {
+        PRIMITIVE_TYPES.put("boolean", boolean.class);
+        PRIMITIVE_TYPES.put("byte", byte.class);
+        PRIMITIVE_TYPES.put("char", char.class);
+        PRIMITIVE_TYPES.put("short", short.class);
+        PRIMITIVE_TYPES.put("int", int.class);
+        PRIMITIVE_TYPES.put("long", long.class);
+        PRIMITIVE_TYPES.put("float", float.class);
+        PRIMITIVE_TYPES.put("double", double.class);
+        PRIMITIVE_TYPES.put("void", void.class);
+    }
+
+    private Object ejbStub;
+
+    private InterfaceInfo interfaceInfo;
+    private Class ejbInterface;
+
+    public EJBHandler(NamingEndpoint namingEndpoint, Class ejbInterface) {
+        this(namingEndpoint, InterfaceInfo.getInstance(ejbInterface));
+        this.ejbInterface = ejbInterface;
+    }
+
+    // locates the stub
+    private EJBHandler(NamingEndpoint namingEndpoint, InterfaceInfo ejbInterface) {
+        try {
+            this.ejbStub = EJBStubHelper.lookup(namingEndpoint, ejbInterface);
+            this.interfaceInfo = ejbInterface;
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            throw new ServiceRuntimeException(e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static Class loadClass(final String name) {
+        try {
+            return ClassLoadingUtil.loadClass(name, Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader());
+        } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
+            throw new ServiceRuntimeException(e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // invokes EJB method
+    public Object invoke(String methodName, Object[] args) {
+        Object response = null;
+        try {
+            if (ejbStub instanceof ObjectImpl) {
+                ObjectImpl objectImpl = (ObjectImpl)ejbStub;
+                // TODO: If the Java 2 security is turned on, then
+                // the ORB will try to create proxy
+                // from the interfaces defined on the stub
+                if (System.getSecurityManager() == null && objectImpl._is_local()) {
+                    /*
+                     * CORBA.Stub is what the object from JNDI will be for a
+                     * remote EJB in the same JVM as the client, but with no
+                     * stub classes available on the client
+                     */
+                    response = invokeLocalCORBACall(objectImpl, methodName, args);
+                } else {
+                    /*
+                     * _EJBObject_Stub is what the object from JNDI will be for
+                     * a remote EJB with no stub classes available on the client
+                     */
+                    response = invokeRemoteCORBACall(objectImpl, methodName, args);
+                }
+            } else {
+                /*
+                 * A generated ejb stub or it must be an EJB in the same ear as
+                 * the client or an AppServer with a single ClassLoader, so
+                 * reflection can be used directly on the JNDI
+                 */
+                JavaReflectionAdapter reflectionAdapter =
+                    JavaReflectionAdapter.createJavaReflectionAdapter(ejbStub.getClass());
+                try {
+                    Method method = reflectionAdapter.getMethod(methodName);
+                    response = method.invoke(ejbStub, args);
+                } catch (InvocationTargetException e) {
+                    Throwable t = e.getTargetException();
+                    // FIXME need to throw really a business exception.
+                    // ServiceBusinessException?
+                    // Tuscany core doesn't have ServiceBusinessException
+                    throw new ServiceRuntimeException(t);
+                }
+            }
+
+            return response;
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            // FIXME this be business exception? Tuscany core doesn't have
+            // ServiceBusinessException
+            throw new ServiceRuntimeException(e);
+
+        } catch (Throwable e) {
+            throw new ServiceRuntimeException(e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the IDL operation name for a java method
+     * 
+     * @param methodName java method name
+     * @return The IDL operation name
+     */
+    private String getOperation(String methodName) {
+        if (interfaceInfo == null) {
+            return methodName;
+        }
+        MethodInfo methodInfo = interfaceInfo.getMethod(methodName);
+        if (methodInfo != null) {
+            return methodInfo.getIDLName();
+        } else {
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * Derive the EJB interface name from the Stub When loading a stub class
+     * corresponding to an interface or class <packagename>.<typename>, the
+     * class <packagename>._<typename>_Stub shall be used if it exists;
+     * otherwise, the class org.omg.stub.<packagename>._<typename>_Stub shall
+     * be used.
+     */
+    private static String getInterface(String stubName) {
+        int index = stubName.lastIndexOf('.');
+        String packageName = null;
+        String typeName = stubName;
+        if (index != -1) {
+            packageName = stubName.substring(0, index);
+            if (packageName.startsWith("org.omg.stub.")) {
+                packageName = packageName.substring("org.omg.stub.".length());
+            }
+            typeName = stubName.substring(index + 1);
+        }
+        if (typeName.startsWith("_") && typeName.endsWith("_Stub")) {
+            typeName = typeName.substring(1, typeName.length() - "_Stub".length());
+        }
+        if (packageName != null)
+            return packageName + "." + typeName;
+        else
+            return typeName;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Invoke a method on the local CORBA object
+     * 
+     * @param stub
+     * @param methodName
+     * @param args
+     * @return
+     * @throws RemoteException
+     * @throws ServiceBusinessException
+     */
+    private Object invokeLocalCORBACall(final ObjectImpl stub, String methodName, Object[] args)
+        throws RemoteException {
+
+        final String operation = getOperation(methodName);
+
+        Class type = loadClass(getInterface(stub.getClass().getName()));
+        if (type == null)
+            type = (ejbInterface != null) ? ejbInterface : EJBObject.class;
+
+        ServantObject so = stub._servant_preinvoke(operation, type);
+        if (so == null) {
+            // The Servant is not local any more
+            return invokeRemoteCORBACall(stub, methodName, args);
+        }
+        Object[] newArgs = null;
+        ORB orb = stub._orb();
+        try {
+            if (args != null)
+                newArgs = Util.copyObjects(args, orb);
+            JavaReflectionAdapter reflectionAdapter =
+                JavaReflectionAdapter.createJavaReflectionAdapter(so.servant.getClass());
+            Method method = reflectionAdapter.getMethod(methodName);
+            Object obj = reflectionAdapter.invoke(method, so.servant, newArgs);
+            Object result = Util.copyObject(obj, orb);
+            return result;
+
+        } catch (InvocationTargetException e) {
+            Throwable exCopy = (Throwable)Util.copyObject(e.getTargetException(), orb);
+            MethodInfo methodInfo = interfaceInfo.getMethod(methodName);
+            String[] exceptionTypes = methodInfo.getExceptionTypes();
+            for (int i = 0; i < exceptionTypes.length; i++) {
+                Class exceptionType =
+                    methodInfo.getMethod() != null ? methodInfo.getMethod().getExceptionTypes()[i]
+                        : loadClass(exceptionTypes[i]);
+                if (exceptionType.isAssignableFrom(exCopy.getClass()))
+                    throw new ServiceRuntimeException(exCopy); // FIXME should
+                // be business
+                // exception?
+            }
+            throw Util.wrapException(exCopy);
+        } catch (Throwable e) {
+            // Other exceptions thrown from "invoke"
+            throw new ServiceRuntimeException(e);
+        } finally {
+            stub._servant_postinvoke(so);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Invoke a method on a remote CORBA object
+     * 
+     * @param stub The remote stub
+     * @param methodName The name of the method
+     * @param args Argument list
+     * @return
+     * @throws RemoteException
+     * @throws ServiceBusinessException
+     */
+    private Object invokeRemoteCORBACall(ObjectImpl stub, String methodName, Object[] args) throws RemoteException {
+
+        try {
+            String operation = getOperation(methodName);
+
+            MethodInfo methodInfo = interfaceInfo.getMethod(methodName);
+            if (methodInfo == null) {
+                throw new ServiceRuntimeException("Invalid Method " + methodName);
+            }
+            Class[] parameterTypes = null;
+            Class returnType = null;
+            if (methodInfo.getMethod() != null) {
+                parameterTypes = methodInfo.getMethod().getParameterTypes();
+                returnType = methodInfo.getMethod().getReturnType();
+            } else {
+                String[] types = methodInfo.getParameterTypes();
+                if (args != null) {
+                    if (types.length != args.length)
+                        throw new ServiceRuntimeException(
+                                                          "The argument list doesn't match the method signature of " + methodName);
+                }
+
+                parameterTypes = new Class[types.length];
+                for (int i = 0; i < types.length; i++) {
+                    parameterTypes[i] = loadClass(types[i]);
+                }
+                returnType = loadClass(methodInfo.getReturnType());
+            }
+
+            InputStream in = null;
+            try {
+                OutputStream out = (OutputStream)stub._request(operation, true);
+
+                for (int i = 0; i < parameterTypes.length; i++) {
+                    // Object arg = (args.length < i) ? null : args[i];
+                    writeValue(out, args[i], parameterTypes[i]);
+                }
+                if (returnType == void.class) {
+                    // void return
+                    stub._invoke(out);
+                    return null;
+                } else {
+                    // read the return value
+                    in = (InputStream)stub._invoke(out);
+                    Object response = readValue(in, returnType);
+                    return response;
+                }
+
+            } catch (ApplicationException ex) {
+                in = (InputStream)ex.getInputStream();
+                try {
+                    org.apache.tuscany.sca.binding.ejb.corba.Java2IDLUtil.throwException(methodInfo.getMethod(), in);
+                    return null;
+                } catch (Throwable e) {
+                    throw new RemoteException(e.getMessage(), e);
+                }
+            } catch (RemarshalException ex) {
+                return invokeRemoteCORBACall(stub, methodName, args);
+            } finally {
+                stub._releaseReply(in);
+            }
+        } catch (SystemException ex) {
+            throw Util.mapSystemException(ex);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param out
+     * @param value
+     * @param type
+     */
+    private void writeValue(OutputStream out, Object value, Class type) {
+        org.apache.tuscany.sca.binding.ejb.corba.Java2IDLUtil.writeObject(type, value, out);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param in
+     * @param type
+     * @return
+     */
+    private Object readValue(InputStream in, Class type) {
+        return org.apache.tuscany.sca.binding.ejb.corba.Java2IDLUtil.readObject(type, in);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/sca-java-2.x/branches/sca-java-2.0-M4/modules/binding-ejb-runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/tuscany/sca/binding/ejb/util/EJBLocator.java b/sca-java-2.x/branches/sca-java-2.0-M4/modules/binding-ejb-runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/tuscany/sca/binding/ejb/util/EJBLocator.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0b97f42746
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sca-java-2.x/branches/sca-java-2.0-M4/modules/binding-ejb-runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/tuscany/sca/binding/ejb/util/EJBLocator.java
@@ -0,0 +1,483 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ * 
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.    
+ */
+package org.apache.tuscany.sca.binding.ejb.util;
+
+import java.net.URL;
+import java.security.AccessController;
+import java.security.PrivilegedAction;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.Properties;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+import javax.naming.Context;
+import javax.naming.InitialContext;
+import javax.naming.NamingException;
+
+import org.omg.CORBA.ORB;
+import org.omg.CosNaming.NamingContextExt;
+
+/**
+ * CosNaming utility
+ *
+ * @version $Rev$ $Date$
+ */
+class EJBLocator {
+
+    /*
+     * Root Context Initial Reference Key ------------
+     * ----------------------------------- Server Root NameServiceServerRoot
+     * Cell Persistent Root NameServiceCellPersistentRoot Cell Root
+     * NameServiceCellRoot, NameService Node Root NameServiceNodeRoot
+     */
+    public static final String SERVER_ROOT = "NameServiceServerRoot";
+    public static final String CELL_PERSISTENT_ROOT = "NameServiceCellPersistentRoot";
+    public static final String CELL_ROOT = "NameServiceCellRoot";
+    public static final String NODE_ROOT = "NameServiceNodeRoot";
+    public static final String DEFAULT_ROOT = "NameService"; // Same as
+    // CELL_ROOT
+
+    public static final String DEFAULT_HOST = "127.0.0.1"; // Default host name
+    // or IP address for
+    // WebSphere
+    public static final int DEFAULT_NAMING_PORT = 2809; // Default port
+    public static final String NAMING_SERVICE = "NameService"; // The name of
+    // the naming
+    // service
+    private static final Set<String> ROOTS =
+        new HashSet<String>(Arrays.asList(new String[] {SERVER_ROOT, CELL_PERSISTENT_ROOT, CELL_ROOT, DEFAULT_ROOT,
+                                                        NODE_ROOT}));
+
+    // private static final String CHARS_TO_ESCAPE = "\\/.";
+    private static final String RFC2396 =
+        "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0123456789;/:?@&=+$,-_.!~*'()";
+    private static final String HEX = "0123456789ABCDEF";
+
+    private String hostName = DEFAULT_HOST;
+    private int port = DEFAULT_NAMING_PORT;
+    private String root = SERVER_ROOT;
+
+    private ORB orb = null;
+    private ObjectLocator locator = null;
+    private boolean managed = true;
+
+    EJBLocator(boolean managed) {
+        this.managed = managed;
+        if (!managed) {
+            String url = AccessController.doPrivileged(new PrivilegedAction<String>() {
+                public String run() {
+                    return System.getProperty(Context.PROVIDER_URL);
+                }
+            });
+            processCorbaURL(url);
+        }
+    }
+
+    EJBLocator(String hostName, int port) {
+        this.hostName = (hostName == null) ? DEFAULT_HOST : hostName;
+        this.port = port > 0 ? port : DEFAULT_NAMING_PORT;
+        this.root = SERVER_ROOT;
+    }
+
+    EJBLocator(String hostName, int port, String root) {
+        this(hostName, port);
+        if (ROOTS.contains(root)) {
+            this.root = root;
+        } else {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(root + " is not a legal root");
+        }
+    }
+
+    EJBLocator(String corbaName, boolean managed) {
+        this.managed = managed;
+        if (corbaName.startsWith("corbaname:iiop:")) {
+            processCorbaURL(corbaName);
+        } else {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(corbaName + " is not a legal corbaname");
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void processCorbaURL(String url) {
+        if (url != null && (url.startsWith("corbaname:iiop:") || url.startsWith("corbaloc:iiop:"))) {
+            /**
+             * corbaname:iiop:<hostName>:<port>/<root>#name corbaloc:iiop:<hostname>:<port>/<root>
+             * For example,
+             * "corbaname:iiop:localhost:2809/NameServiceServerRoot#ejb/MyEJBHome";
+             * or "corbaloc:iiop:myhost:2809/NameServiceServerRoot"
+             */
+            String[] parts = url.split("(:|/|#)");
+            if (parts.length > 2 && parts[2].length() > 0) {
+                hostName = parts[2]; // The host name
+                int index = hostName.lastIndexOf('@'); // version@hostname
+                if (index != -1) {
+                    hostName = hostName.substring(index + 1);
+                }
+            }
+            if (parts.length > 3 && parts[3].length() > 0) {
+                port = Integer.parseInt(parts[3]); // The port number
+            }
+            if (parts.length > 4 && parts[4].length() > 0) {
+                root = parts[4]; // The root of naming
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The corbaloc and corbaname formats enable you to provide a URL to access
+     * CORBA objects. Use the corbaloc format for resolving to a particular
+     * CORBAservice without going through a naming service. Use the corbaname
+     * format to resolve a stringified name from a specific naming context.
+     */
+
+    /**
+     * corbaname Syntax The full corbaname BNF is: &lt;corbaname&gt; =
+     * "corbaname:"&lt;corbaloc_obj&gt;["#"&lt;string_name&gt;]
+     * &lt;corbaloc_obj&gt; = &lt;obj_addr_list&gt; ["/"&lt;key_string&gt;]
+     * &lt;obj_addr_list&gt; = as defined in a corbaloc URL &lt;key_string&gt; =
+     * as defined in a corbaloc URL &lt;string_name&gt;= stringified Name
+     * empty_string Where:
+     * <ul>
+     * <li>corbaloc_obj: portion of a corbaname URL that identifies the naming
+     * context. The syntax is identical to its use in a corbaloc URL.
+     * <li>obj_addr_list: as defined in a corbaloc URL
+     * <li>key_string: as defined in a corbaloc URL.
+     * <li>string_name: a stringified Name with URL escapes as defined below.
+     * </ul>
+     * 
+     * @param hostName The host name or IP address of the naming server
+     * @param port The port number of the naming service
+     * @param root The root of the namespace
+     * @param name The JNDI name
+     */
+    private static String getCorbaname(String hostName, int port, String root, String name) {
+        if (name == null) {
+            return "corbaname:iiop:" + hostName + ":" + port + "/" + root;
+        } else {
+            return "corbaname:iiop:" + hostName + ":" + port + "/" + root + "#" + toCorbaname(name);
+        }
+    }
+
+    String getCorbaname(String name) {
+        return getCorbaname(hostName, port, root, name);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Connect to the ORB.
+     */
+
+    // FIXME. May need to change the IBM classes if this binding is contributed
+    // to Tuscany
+    public ORB connect() {
+        if (orb == null) {
+            Properties props = new Properties();
+            /*
+             * This code is for IBM JVM props.put("org.omg.CORBA.ORBClass",
+             * "com.ibm.CORBA.iiop.ORB");
+             * props.put("com.ibm.CORBA.ORBInitRef.NameService",
+             * getCorbaloc(NAMING_SERVICE));
+             * props.put("com.ibm.CORBA.ORBInitRef.NameServiceServerRoot",
+             * getCorbaloc("NameServiceServerRoot"));
+             */
+            orb = ORB.init((String[])null, props);
+        }
+        return orb;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Replace substrings
+     * 
+     * @param source The source string.
+     * @param match The string to search for within the source string.
+     * @param replace The replacement for any matching components.
+     * @return
+     */
+    private static String replace(String source, String match, String replace) {
+        int index = source.indexOf(match, 0);
+        if (index >= 0) {
+
+            // We have at least one match, so got to do the
+            // work...
+
+            StringBuffer result = new StringBuffer(source.length() + 16);
+            int matchLength = match.length();
+            int startIndex = 0;
+
+            while (index >= 0) {
+                result.append(source.substring(startIndex, index));
+                result.append(replace);
+                startIndex = index + matchLength;
+                index = source.indexOf(match, startIndex);
+            }
+
+            // Grab the last piece, if any...
+            if (startIndex < source.length()) {
+                result.append(source.substring(startIndex));
+            }
+
+            return result.toString();
+
+        } else {
+            // No matches, just return the source...
+            return source;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Resolved the JNDI name from the initial CosNaming context
+     * 
+     * @param jndiName
+     * @return resolved CORBA object
+     * @throws NamingException
+     */
+    private static org.omg.CORBA.Object resovleString(NamingContextExt initCtx, String jndiName) throws NamingException {
+        try {
+            String name = stringify(jndiName);
+            return initCtx.resolve_str(name);
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            NamingException ne = new NamingException(e.getMessage());
+            ne.setRootCause(e);
+            throw ne;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Look up a CORBA object by its JNDI name
+     * 
+     * @param jndiName
+     * @return
+     * @throws NamingException
+     */
+    org.omg.CORBA.Object stringToObject(String jndiName) throws NamingException {
+        /*
+         * Using an existing ORB and invoking string_to_object with a CORBA
+         * object URL with multiple name server addresses to get an initial
+         * context CORBA object URLs can contain more than one bootstrap server
+         * address. Use this feature when attempting to obtain an initial
+         * context from a server cluster. You can specify the bootstrap server
+         * addresses for all servers in the cluster in the URL. The operation
+         * will succeed if at least one of the servers is running, eliminating a
+         * single point of failure. There is no guarantee of any particular
+         * order in which the address list will be processed. For example, the
+         * second bootstrap server address may be used to obtain the initial
+         * context even though the first bootstrap server in the list is
+         * available. An example of a corbaloc URL with multiple addresses
+         * follows. obj =
+         * orb.string_to_object("corbaloc::myhost1:9810,:myhost1:9811,:myhost2:9810/NameService");
+         */
+        String corbaName = null;
+        if (jndiName.startsWith("corbaloc:") || jndiName.startsWith("corbaname:")) {
+            // Keep the qualified URL
+            corbaName = jndiName;
+        } else {
+            // Create a corbaname URL
+            corbaName = getCorbaname(jndiName);
+        }
+
+        connect();
+        org.omg.CORBA.Object obj = orb.string_to_object(corbaName);
+        return obj;
+    }
+
+    private boolean isJndiConfigured() {
+        if (managed)
+            return true;
+        Boolean provided = AccessController.doPrivileged(new PrivilegedAction<Boolean>() {
+            public Boolean run() {
+                String initCtxFactory = System.getProperty(Context.INITIAL_CONTEXT_FACTORY);
+                if (initCtxFactory == null) {
+                    URL file = Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader().getResource("jndi.properties");
+                    if (file != null) {
+                        return Boolean.TRUE;
+                    } else {
+                        return Boolean.FALSE;
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    return Boolean.TRUE;
+                }
+            }
+        });
+        return provided.booleanValue();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The character escape rules for the stringified name portion of an
+     * corbaname are: US-ASCII alphanumeric characters are not escaped.
+     * Characters outside this range are escaped, except for the following: ; / : ? @ & = + $ , - _ . ! ~ * ' ( )
+     * corbaname Escape Mechanism The percent '%' character is used as an
+     * escape. If a character that requires escaping is present in a name
+     * component it is encoded as two hexadecimal digits following a "%"
+     * character to represent the octet. (The first hexadecimal character
+     * represent the highorder nibble of the octet, the second hexadecimal
+     * character represents the low-order nibble.) If a '%' is not followed by
+     * two hex digits, the stringified name is syntactically invalid.
+     * @param s
+     * @return RFC2396-encoded stringified name
+     */
+    static String encode2396(String s) {
+        if (s == null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        StringBuffer encoded = new StringBuffer(s);
+        for (int i = 0; i < encoded.length(); i++) {
+            char c = encoded.charAt(i);
+            if (RFC2396.indexOf(c) == -1) {
+                encoded.setCharAt(i, '%');
+                char[] ac = Integer.toHexString(c).toCharArray();
+                if (ac.length == 2) {
+                    encoded.insert(i + 1, ac);
+                } else if (ac.length == 1) {
+                    encoded.insert(i + 1, '0');
+                    encoded.insert(i + 2, ac[0]);
+                } else {
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid character '" + c + "' in \"" + s + "\"");
+                }
+                i += 2; // NOPMD
+            }
+        }
+        return encoded.toString();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Decode an RFC2396-encoded string
+     * 
+     * @param s
+     * @return Plain string
+     */
+    static String decode2396(String s) {
+        if (s == null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        StringBuffer decoded = new StringBuffer(s);
+        for (int i = 0; i < decoded.length(); i++) {
+            char c = decoded.charAt(i);
+            if (c == '%') {
+                if (i + 2 >= decoded.length()) {
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("Incomplete key_string escape sequence");
+                }
+                int j;
+                j = HEX.indexOf(decoded.charAt(i + 1)) * 16 + HEX.indexOf(decoded.charAt(i + 2));
+                decoded.setCharAt(i, (char)j);
+                decoded.delete(i + 1, i + 3);
+            } else if (RFC2396.indexOf(c) == -1) {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid key_string character '" + c + "'");
+            }
+        }
+        return decoded.toString();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The backslash '\' character escapes the reserved meaning of '/', '.', and
+     * '\' in a stringified name.
+     * 
+     * @param jndiName
+     * @return Escaped stringified name for CosNaming
+     */
+    private static String stringify(String jndiName) {
+        // Escape . into \. since it's an INS naming delimiter
+        return replace(encode2396(jndiName), ".", "\\.");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Escape the "." into "%5C%2E"
+     * 
+     * @param jndiName
+     * @return corbaname treating "." as a literal
+     */
+    private static String toCorbaname(String jndiName) {
+        // Escape . into %5C%2E (\.) since it's an INS naming delimiter
+        // For example, sca.sample.StockQuote --->
+        // sca%5C%2Esample%5C%2EStockQuote/StockQuote
+        return replace(encode2396(jndiName), ".", "%5C%2E");
+    }
+
+    private ObjectLocator getObjectLocator() throws NamingException {
+        if (locator != null) {
+            return locator;
+        }
+        /*
+         * For managed env, JNDI is assumed to be configured by default For
+         * unmanaged environment, JNDI could have configured through
+         * jndi.properties file
+         */
+        if (isJndiConfigured()) {
+            locator = new JndiLocator();
+        } else { // this is definitely JSE env without JNDI configured. Use
+            // CORBA.
+            locator = new CosNamingLocator();
+        }
+        return locator;
+    }
+
+    public Object locate(String jndiName) throws NamingException {
+
+        Object result = getObjectLocator().locate(jndiName);
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    private static interface ObjectLocator {
+        Object locate(String name) throws NamingException;
+    }
+
+    private final class JndiLocator implements ObjectLocator {
+        private Context context;
+
+        private JndiLocator() throws NamingException {
+            /*
+            final Properties props = AccessController.doPrivileged(new PrivilegedAction<Properties>() {
+                public Properties run() {
+                    return System.getProperties();
+                }
+            });
+            Properties properties = new Properties();
+            for (Map.Entry e : props.entrySet()) {
+                String name = (String)e.getKey();
+                if (name.startsWith("java.naming.")) {
+                    properties.setProperty(name, (String)e.getValue());
+                }
+            }
+            // System.out.println(properties);
+            this.context = new InitialContext(properties);
+            */
+            this.context = new InitialContext();
+        }
+
+        public Object locate(String name) throws NamingException {
+            return context.lookup(name);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private final class CosNamingLocator implements ObjectLocator {
+        private NamingContextExt context;
+
+        private CosNamingLocator() {
+        }
+
+        public Object locate(String name) throws NamingException {
+            if (context != null) {
+                return resovleString(context, name);
+            } else {
+                return stringToObject(name);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void setHostEnv(boolean managed) {
+        this.managed = managed;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/sca-java-2.x/branches/sca-java-2.0-M4/modules/binding-ejb-runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/tuscany/sca/binding/ejb/util/EJBObjectFactory.java b/sca-java-2.x/branches/sca-java-2.0-M4/modules/binding-ejb-runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/tuscany/sca/binding/ejb/util/EJBObjectFactory.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..119282adb9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sca-java-2.x/branches/sca-java-2.0-M4/modules/binding-ejb-runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/tuscany/sca/binding/ejb/util/EJBObjectFactory.java
@@ -0,0 +1,209 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ * 
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.    
+ */
+package org.apache.tuscany.sca.binding.ejb.util;
+
+import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
+import java.lang.reflect.Method;
+import java.rmi.RemoteException;
+import java.rmi.UnexpectedException;
+
+import javax.ejb.CreateException;
+import javax.ejb.EJBLocalHome;
+import javax.naming.NamingException;
+import javax.rmi.CORBA.Util;
+
+import org.omg.CORBA.SystemException;
+import org.omg.CORBA.portable.ApplicationException;
+import org.omg.CORBA.portable.ObjectImpl;
+import org.omg.CORBA.portable.RemarshalException;
+import org.omg.stub.java.rmi._Remote_Stub;
+import org.oasisopen.sca.ServiceRuntimeException;
+
+/**
+ * Factor class that is used to create EJB Proxies.
+ *
+ * @version $Rev$ $Date$
+ */
+final class EJBObjectFactory {
+
+    private EJBObjectFactory() {
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get either a generated of dynamic EJB stub using the specified JNDI
+     * properties.
+     * <p>
+     * The returned stub will implement the specified stubInterface Interface.
+     * If the underlying EJB stub is not assignable from the specified
+     * stubInterface then a proxy is used to convert between the two.
+     * <p>
+     * The returned EJB stub may be either the pregenerated EJB stub or a
+     * dynamic stub. This allows a client to invoke an EJB without requiring any
+     * of the pregenerated EJB stub classes be available in the classpath.
+     * <p>
+     */
+    static Object createStub(NamingEndpoint namingEndpoint, InterfaceInfo ejbInterface) throws NamingException,
+        RemoteException, CreateException {
+
+        EJBLocator locator = namingEndpoint.getLocator();
+        Object homeObject = locator.locate(namingEndpoint.getJndiName());
+        /*
+         * The type of the object returned from the lookup is as follows: If the
+         * generated stub exists on the classpath, it's an instance of that
+         * type, otherwise, "org.omg.stub.java.rmi._Remote_Stub" or
+         * "org.omg.stub.javax.ejb._EJBHome_Stub"
+         */
+        Object stub = getEJBStub(homeObject, ejbInterface);
+        // Cache dynamic stub only
+        return stub;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param homeObject
+     * @param ejbHomeClass
+     * @return
+     * @throws RemoteException
+     */
+    private static Object getEJBStub(Object homeObject, InterfaceInfo ejbInterface) throws RemoteException,
+        CreateException {
+
+        Object stub = null;
+
+        // Get the business interface of the EJB 
+        Class ejbInterfaceClass = null;
+        try {
+            ejbInterfaceClass = Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader().loadClass(ejbInterface.getName());
+        } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
+            // ignore
+        }
+
+        if (ejbInterfaceClass != null && ejbInterfaceClass.isInstance(homeObject)) {
+            // EJB 3
+            stub = homeObject;
+        } else if (homeObject instanceof EJBLocalHome) {
+            // Local EJB
+            stub = createEJBLocalObject(homeObject);
+        } else {
+            // Handle dynamic stub
+            if (homeObject instanceof ObjectImpl) {
+                ObjectImpl objectImpl = (ObjectImpl)homeObject;
+                stub = createEJBObject(objectImpl);
+            }/**
+                       	* Above checks will be satisfied if Bean is running on servers like WebSphere. With this 
+                       	* logic, client (SCA composite with EJB ref binding) doesn't need to include home class or 
+                       	* client stubs.
+                       	* 
+                       	* Below check is needed SCA composite with EJB ref binding is accessing openEJB implementation. 
+                       	* For e.g if the bean is running on Geronimo. 
+                       	*/
+            else if ((javax.rmi.PortableRemoteObject.narrow(homeObject, javax.ejb.EJBHome.class)) instanceof javax.ejb.EJBHome) {
+                stub = createEJBObjectFromHome(homeObject);
+            } else
+                throw new ServiceRuntimeException("Invalid stub type: " + homeObject.getClass());
+        }
+        return stub;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create a pre-generated EJB stub
+     * 
+     * @param homeObject
+     * @return
+     * @throws RemoteException
+     */
+    static private Object createEJBLocalObject(Object homeObject) throws RemoteException {
+
+        Object stub = null;
+        try {
+            // Find the "create()" method
+            Method createMethod = homeObject.getClass().getMethod("create", null);
+            // Create an EJB object
+            stub = createMethod.invoke(homeObject, null);
+        } catch (NoSuchMethodException e) {
+            // "create()" method not found, it's still a dynamic stub
+            stub = null;
+        } catch (InvocationTargetException e) {
+            throw new RemoteException(e.getTargetException().toString());
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            throw new RemoteException(e.toString());
+        }
+        return stub;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Here homeObject is instance of EJBHome
+     * 
+     * @param homeObject
+     * @return
+     * @throws RemoteException
+     */
+    private static Object createEJBObjectFromHome(Object homeObject) throws RemoteException {
+
+        Object stub = null;
+        try {
+            // Find the "create()" method
+            Method createMethod = homeObject.getClass().getMethod("create", null);
+            // Create an EJB object
+            stub = createMethod.invoke(homeObject, null);
+        } catch (NoSuchMethodException e) {
+            // "create()" method not found, it's still a dynamic stub
+            stub = null;
+        } catch (InvocationTargetException e) {
+            throw new RemoteException(e.getTargetException().toString());
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            throw new RemoteException(e.toString());
+        }
+        return stub;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create an EJBObject using RMI/IIOP APIs
+     * 
+     * @param ejbHomeObject
+     * @return The EJBObject remote stub
+     * @throws CreateException
+     * @throws RemoteException
+     */
+    private static Object createEJBObject(ObjectImpl ejbHomeObject) throws CreateException, RemoteException {
+
+        try {
+            org.omg.CORBA_2_3.portable.InputStream in = null;
+            try {
+                org.omg.CORBA.portable.OutputStream out = ejbHomeObject._request("create", true);
+                in = (org.omg.CORBA_2_3.portable.InputStream)ejbHomeObject._invoke(out);
+                // The Remote stub should be available in JDK
+                // TODO: [rfeng] Work around an issue in Apache Yoko which doesn't understand the org.omg.stub.*
+                return in.read_Object(_Remote_Stub.class);
+            } catch (ApplicationException ex) {
+                in = (org.omg.CORBA_2_3.portable.InputStream)ex.getInputStream();
+                String id = in.read_string();
+                if (id.equals("IDL:javax/ejb/CreateEx:1.0")) {
+                    throw (CreateException)in.read_value(CreateException.class);
+                }
+                throw new UnexpectedException(id);
+            } catch (RemarshalException ex) {
+                return createEJBObject(ejbHomeObject);
+            } finally {
+                ejbHomeObject._releaseReply(in);
+            }
+        } catch (SystemException ex) {
+            throw Util.mapSystemException(ex);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/sca-java-2.x/branches/sca-java-2.0-M4/modules/binding-ejb-runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/tuscany/sca/binding/ejb/util/EJBStubHelper.java b/sca-java-2.x/branches/sca-java-2.0-M4/modules/binding-ejb-runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/tuscany/sca/binding/ejb/util/EJBStubHelper.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..72f7dc9e43
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sca-java-2.x/branches/sca-java-2.0-M4/modules/binding-ejb-runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/tuscany/sca/binding/ejb/util/EJBStubHelper.java
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ * 
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.    
+ */
+package org.apache.tuscany.sca.binding.ejb.util;
+
+import java.rmi.RemoteException;
+
+import javax.ejb.CreateException;
+import javax.naming.NamingException;
+
+import org.oasisopen.sca.ServiceRuntimeException;
+import org.oasisopen.sca.ServiceUnavailableException;
+
+final class EJBStubHelper {
+
+    private static Object stub;
+    private static ServiceRuntimeException exception;
+
+    private EJBStubHelper() {
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param owner
+     * @param jndiName
+     * @return
+     */
+
+    static Object lookup(NamingEndpoint endpoint, InterfaceInfo ejbInterface) {
+        return getStub(endpoint, ejbInterface);
+    }
+
+    private static Object getStub(NamingEndpoint namingEndpoint, InterfaceInfo ejbInterface) {
+        try {
+            stub = EJBObjectFactory.createStub(namingEndpoint, ejbInterface);
+        } catch (NamingException e) {
+            exception = new ServiceUnavailableException(e);
+            e.printStackTrace();
+            throw (ServiceUnavailableException)exception;
+        } catch (CreateException e) {
+            exception = new ServiceUnavailableException(e);
+            throw (ServiceUnavailableException)exception;
+        } catch (RemoteException e) {
+            exception = new ServiceRuntimeException(e);
+            throw (ServiceRuntimeException)exception;
+        }
+
+        if (exception == null) {
+            return stub; // Normal result
+        } else {
+            throw exception; // Throw the exception
+        }
+    }
+
+}
diff --git a/sca-java-2.x/branches/sca-java-2.0-M4/modules/binding-ejb-runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/tuscany/sca/binding/ejb/util/InterfaceInfo.java b/sca-java-2.x/branches/sca-java-2.0-M4/modules/binding-ejb-runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/tuscany/sca/binding/ejb/util/InterfaceInfo.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e60e526e01
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sca-java-2.x/branches/sca-java-2.0-M4/modules/binding-ejb-runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/tuscany/sca/binding/ejb/util/InterfaceInfo.java
@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ * 
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.    
+ */
+package org.apache.tuscany.sca.binding.ejb.util;
+
+import java.io.Serializable;
+import java.lang.reflect.Method;
+import java.security.AccessController;
+import java.security.PrivilegedAction;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.WeakHashMap;
+
+import org.apache.tuscany.sca.binding.ejb.corba.Java2IDLUtil;
+
+/**
+ * The signature for a java interface
+ *
+ * @version $Rev$ $Date$
+ */
+class InterfaceInfo implements Serializable {
+
+    private static final Map<Class, InterfaceInfo> INTERFACES =
+        Collections.synchronizedMap(new WeakHashMap<Class, InterfaceInfo>());
+
+    private static final long serialVersionUID = 2314533906465094860L;
+    private String name;
+
+    private Map<String, MethodInfo> methods = new HashMap<String, MethodInfo>();
+
+    InterfaceInfo(final Class iface) {
+        super();
+        if (iface == null) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("The interface cannot be null");
+        }
+        this.name = iface.getName();
+        // SECURITY
+        /*
+         * Permission: accessDeclaredMembers : Access denied
+         * (java.lang.RuntimePermission accessDeclaredMembers)
+         */
+        Map idlNames = AccessController.doPrivileged(new PrivilegedAction<Map>() {
+            public Map run() {
+                return Java2IDLUtil.mapMethodToOperation(iface);
+            }
+        });
+        Iterator i = idlNames.entrySet().iterator();
+        while (i.hasNext()) {
+            Map.Entry entry = (Map.Entry)i.next();
+            Method method = (Method)entry.getKey();
+            MethodInfo methodInfo = new MethodInfo(method);
+            methodInfo.setIDLName((String) entry.getValue());
+            methods.put(method.getName(), methodInfo);
+            methods.put(methodInfo.getIDLName(), methodInfo);
+        }
+    }
+
+    static final synchronized InterfaceInfo getInstance(final Class iface) {
+        InterfaceInfo info = (InterfaceInfo)INTERFACES.get(iface);
+        if (info == null) {
+            info = new InterfaceInfo(iface);
+            INTERFACES.put(iface, info);
+        }
+        return info;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return
+     */
+    Map<String, MethodInfo> getMethods() {
+        return methods;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return
+     */
+    MethodInfo getMethod(String name) {
+        return (MethodInfo)methods.get(name);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return
+     */
+    String getName() {
+        return name;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+        StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();
+        sb.append("interface ").append(name).append("{ \n");
+        Iterator i = methods.values().iterator();
+        while (i.hasNext()) {
+            MethodInfo methodInfo = (MethodInfo)i.next();
+            sb.append("\t").append(methodInfo).append("\n");
+        }
+        sb.append("};\n");
+        return sb.toString();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/sca-java-2.x/branches/sca-java-2.0-M4/modules/binding-ejb-runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/tuscany/sca/binding/ejb/util/JavaReflectionAdapter.java b/sca-java-2.x/branches/sca-java-2.0-M4/modules/binding-ejb-runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/tuscany/sca/binding/ejb/util/JavaReflectionAdapter.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..651c967aad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sca-java-2.x/branches/sca-java-2.0-M4/modules/binding-ejb-runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/tuscany/sca/binding/ejb/util/JavaReflectionAdapter.java
@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ * 
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.    
+ */
+package org.apache.tuscany.sca.binding.ejb.util;
+
+import java.beans.PropertyDescriptor;
+import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
+import java.lang.reflect.Method;
+import java.security.AccessController;
+import java.security.PrivilegedAction;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.WeakHashMap;
+
+import org.oasisopen.sca.ServiceRuntimeException;
+
+/**
+ * An adapter for java classes, indexes the methods by name and provides an
+ * invoke method that takes a method name.
+ *
+ * @version $Rev$ $Date$
+ */
+final class JavaReflectionAdapter {
+
+    private static Map<Class, JavaReflectionAdapter> adapters =
+        Collections.synchronizedMap(new WeakHashMap<Class, JavaReflectionAdapter>());
+
+    private static final Map<Class, Object> DEFAULT_VALUES = new HashMap<Class, Object>();
+    static {
+        DEFAULT_VALUES.put(boolean.class, Boolean.FALSE);
+        DEFAULT_VALUES.put(byte.class, new Byte((byte)0));
+        DEFAULT_VALUES.put(char.class, new Character((char)0));
+        DEFAULT_VALUES.put(short.class, new Short((short)0));
+        DEFAULT_VALUES.put(int.class, Integer.valueOf(0));
+        DEFAULT_VALUES.put(long.class, new Long(0));
+        DEFAULT_VALUES.put(float.class, new Float(0.0));
+        DEFAULT_VALUES.put(double.class, new Double(0.0));
+    }
+
+    private Map<String, Method> methodMap = new HashMap<String, Method>();
+
+    /**
+     * Constructor
+     * 
+     * @param clazz
+     */
+    private JavaReflectionAdapter(final Class clazz) {
+        // Index the methods on the implementation class
+        // FIXME J2 Security - promote this to callers of this method
+        Method[] methods = AccessController.doPrivileged(new PrivilegedAction<Method[]>() {
+            public Method[] run() {
+                return clazz.getMethods();
+            }
+        });
+        for (int i = 0; i < methods.length; i++) {
+            methodMap.put(methods[i].getName(), methods[i]);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create a java reflection adapter
+     * 
+     * @param clazz
+     */
+    static synchronized JavaReflectionAdapter createJavaReflectionAdapter(Class clazz) {
+        JavaReflectionAdapter adapter = (JavaReflectionAdapter)adapters.get(clazz);
+        if (adapter == null) {
+            adapter = new JavaReflectionAdapter(clazz);
+            adapters.put(clazz, adapter);
+        }
+        return adapter;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Return the specified method
+     * 
+     * @param methodName
+     * @return
+     * @throws NoSuchMethodException
+     */
+    Method getMethod(String methodName) throws NoSuchMethodException {
+
+        Method method = (Method)methodMap.get(methodName);
+        if (method == null) {
+            throw new NoSuchMethodException(methodName);
+        }
+        return method;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a map containing the methods on the class, keyed by name
+     * 
+     * @return
+     */
+    Map getMethods() {
+        return methodMap;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Invoke a method using Java reflection.
+     * 
+     * @param method
+     * @param object
+     * @param args
+     * @return
+     * @throws InvocationTargetException
+     * @throws IllegalAccessException
+     */
+    Object invoke(Method method, Object object, Object[] args) throws InvocationTargetException,
+        IllegalAccessException {
+        Class[] parameterTypes = method.getParameterTypes();
+        for (int i = 0; i < parameterTypes.length; i++) {
+            Class parameterType = parameterTypes[i];
+            if (args[i] == null && parameterType.isPrimitive()) {
+                args[i] = DEFAULT_VALUES.get(parameterType);
+            }
+        }
+        return method.invoke(object, args);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the java bean property
+     * 
+     * @param bean
+     * @param propertyName
+     * @param value
+     * @return
+     */
+    boolean setProperty(Object bean, String propertyName, Object value) {
+        try {
+            PropertyDescriptor propertyDescriptor = new PropertyDescriptor(propertyName, bean.getClass());
+            Method writeMethod = propertyDescriptor.getWriteMethod();
+            writeMethod.invoke(bean, new Object[] {value});
+            return true;
+        } catch (InvocationTargetException e) {
+            throw new ServiceRuntimeException(e.getTargetException());
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/sca-java-2.x/branches/sca-java-2.0-M4/modules/binding-ejb-runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/tuscany/sca/binding/ejb/util/MethodInfo.java b/sca-java-2.x/branches/sca-java-2.0-M4/modules/binding-ejb-runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/tuscany/sca/binding/ejb/util/MethodInfo.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e7ea7c9077
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sca-java-2.x/branches/sca-java-2.0-M4/modules/binding-ejb-runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/tuscany/sca/binding/ejb/util/MethodInfo.java
@@ -0,0 +1,189 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ * 
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.    
+ */
+package org.apache.tuscany.sca.binding.ejb.util;
+
+import java.io.Serializable;
+import java.lang.reflect.Method;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+/**
+ * MetaData for a java method
+ *
+ * @version $Rev$ $Date$
+ */
+class MethodInfo implements Serializable {
+
+    /** Automatically generated javadoc for: serialVersionUID */
+    private static final long serialVersionUID = -5557260979514687514L;
+    private String name;
+    private String returnType;
+    private String[] parameterTypes;
+    private String[] exceptionTypes;
+
+    private String IDLName;
+    
+    private transient Method method;
+
+    /**
+     * Type Signature Java Type -------------- --------- Z boolean B byte C char
+     * S short I int J long F float D double L fully-qualified-class ;
+     * fully-qualified-class [ type type[] ( arg-types ) ret-type method type
+     */
+    private static final Map signatures = new HashMap();
+    static {
+        signatures.put("Z", boolean.class);
+        signatures.put("B", byte.class);
+        signatures.put("C", char.class);
+        signatures.put("S", short.class);
+        signatures.put("I", int.class);
+        signatures.put("J", long.class);
+        signatures.put("F", float.class);
+        signatures.put("D", double.class);
+        signatures.put("V", void.class);
+    }
+
+    MethodInfo(Method method) {
+        this.method = method;
+        this.name = method.getName();
+        // this.declaringClass = method.getDeclaringClass().getName();
+        this.returnType = method.getReturnType().getName();
+        Class[] types = method.getParameterTypes();
+        this.parameterTypes = new String[types.length];
+        for (int i = 0; i < types.length; i++) {
+            this.parameterTypes[i] = types[i].getName();
+        }
+        types = method.getExceptionTypes();
+        this.exceptionTypes = new String[types.length];
+        for (int i = 0; i < types.length; i++) {
+            this.exceptionTypes[i] = types[i].getName();
+        }
+        IDLName = this.name;
+    }
+
+    MethodInfo(String name, String returnType, String[] parameterTypes, String[] exceptionTypes) {
+        this.name = name;
+        this.returnType = returnType;
+        this.parameterTypes = parameterTypes;
+        this.exceptionTypes = exceptionTypes;
+        this.IDLName = name;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Parse the class name from the internal signature Sample signatures: int
+     * ---> I; int[] ---> [I Object ---> java/lang/Object Object[] --->
+     * [Ljava/lang/Object;
+     * 
+     * @param value
+     * @return
+     */
+    private static String getName(String signature) {
+        String name = signature;
+        // Remove leading ARRAY ([) signatures
+        int index = name.lastIndexOf('[');
+        if (index != -1)
+            name = name.substring(index + 1);
+
+        // Remove L<...>;
+        if (name.charAt(0) == 'L' && name.charAt(name.length() - 1) == ';')
+            name = name.substring(1, name.length() - 1);
+
+        // Primitive types
+        Class primitiveClass = (Class)signatures.get(name);
+        if (primitiveClass != null) {
+            name = primitiveClass.getName();
+        }
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < index + 1; i++) {
+            name = name + "[]";
+        }
+        return name;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return
+     */
+    String getName() {
+        return name;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return
+     */
+    String[] getParameterTypes() {
+        return parameterTypes;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return
+     */
+    String getReturnType() {
+        return returnType;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return
+     */
+    String[] getExceptionTypes() {
+        return exceptionTypes;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+        StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();
+        sb.append(getName(returnType)).append(" ").append(name).append("(");
+        for (int j = 0; j < parameterTypes.length; j++) {
+            sb.append(getName(parameterTypes[j])).append(" ").append("arg" + j);
+            if (j < (parameterTypes.length - 1))
+                sb.append(", ");
+        }
+        sb.append(")");
+        if (exceptionTypes.length > 0) {
+            sb.append(" throws ");
+            for (int k = 0; k < exceptionTypes.length; k++) {
+                sb.append(exceptionTypes[k]);
+                if (k < (exceptionTypes.length - 1))
+                    sb.append(", ");
+            }
+        }
+        sb.append(";");
+        return sb.toString();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return Returns the iDLName.
+     */
+    String getIDLName() {
+        return IDLName;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param name The iDLName to set.
+     */
+    void setIDLName(String name) {
+        IDLName = name;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return the method
+     */
+    Method getMethod() {
+        return method;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/sca-java-2.x/branches/sca-java-2.0-M4/modules/binding-ejb-runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/tuscany/sca/binding/ejb/util/NamingEndpoint.java b/sca-java-2.x/branches/sca-java-2.0-M4/modules/binding-ejb-runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/tuscany/sca/binding/ejb/util/NamingEndpoint.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..346b7c5cf6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sca-java-2.x/branches/sca-java-2.0-M4/modules/binding-ejb-runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/tuscany/sca/binding/ejb/util/NamingEndpoint.java
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ * 
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.    
+ */
+package org.apache.tuscany.sca.binding.ejb.util;
+
+import java.security.AccessController;
+import java.security.PrivilegedAction;
+
+public class NamingEndpoint {
+    private String jndiName;
+    private EJBLocator locator;
+    private boolean managed = true;
+
+    public NamingEndpoint(String hostName, int port, String jndiName) {
+        this.jndiName = jndiName;
+        this.locator = new EJBLocator(hostName, port);
+    }
+
+    public NamingEndpoint(String name) {
+
+        /**
+         * by default it's a managed environment means SCA composite with ref
+         * binding is running on an AppServer. If running on J2SE, pass
+         * -Dmanaged=false for the VM
+         */
+        final String managedEnv = AccessController.doPrivileged(new PrivilegedAction<String>() {
+            public String run() {
+                return System.getProperty("managed");
+            }
+        });
+
+        if (managedEnv != null) {
+            managed = Boolean.valueOf(managedEnv);
+        }
+
+        if ((!managed) && name.startsWith("corbaname:iiop:")) {
+            /**
+             * if (name.startsWith("corbaname:iiop:")) { corbaname:iiop:<hostName>:<port>/<root>#name
+             * For example,
+             * "corbaname:iiop:localhost:2809/NameServiceServerRoot#ejb/MyEJBHome";
+             */
+
+            String[] parts = split(name, '#');
+            if (parts.length != 2) {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid corbaname: " + name);
+            }    
+
+            this.jndiName = name; // The logical JNDI name
+            this.locator = new EJBLocator(parts[0], managed);
+
+        } else {
+            this.jndiName = name;
+            this.locator = new EJBLocator(managed);
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    private static String[] split(String str, char ch) {
+        int index = str.lastIndexOf(ch);
+        if (index == -1) {
+            return new String[] {str, ""};
+        } else {
+            return new String[] {str.substring(0, index), str.substring(index + 1)};
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return Returns the jndiName.
+     */
+    public String getJndiName() {
+        return jndiName;
+    }
+
+    public EJBLocator getLocator() {
+        return locator;
+    }
+
+    public String getCorbaname() {
+        return locator.getCorbaname(jndiName);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @see java.lang.Object#equals(java.lang.Object)
+     */
+    @Override
+    public boolean equals(Object obj) {
+        if (obj instanceof NamingEndpoint) {
+            NamingEndpoint endpoint = (NamingEndpoint)obj;
+            return jndiName.equals(endpoint.jndiName);
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @see java.lang.Object#hashCode()
+     */
+    @Override
+    public int hashCode() {
+        return jndiName.hashCode();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @see java.lang.Object#toString()
+     */
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+        return jndiName;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/sca-java-2.x/branches/sca-java-2.0-M4/modules/binding-ejb-runtime/src/main/resources/META-INF/services/org.apache.tuscany.sca.provider.BindingProviderFactory b/sca-java-2.x/branches/sca-java-2.0-M4/modules/binding-ejb-runtime/src/main/resources/META-INF/services/org.apache.tuscany.sca.provider.BindingProviderFactory
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..556abbaeac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sca-java-2.x/branches/sca-java-2.0-M4/modules/binding-ejb-runtime/src/main/resources/META-INF/services/org.apache.tuscany.sca.provider.BindingProviderFactory
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+# Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one

+# or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file

+# distributed with this work for additional information

+# regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file

+# to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the

+# "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance

+# with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at

+# 

+#   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0

+# 

+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,

+# software distributed under the License is distributed on an

+# "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY

+# KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the

+# specific language governing permissions and limitations

+# under the License. 

+

+# Implementation class for the binding extension

+org.apache.tuscany.sca.binding.ejb.provider.EJBBindingProviderFactory;model=org.apache.tuscany.sca.binding.ejb.EJBBinding

+

diff --git a/sca-java-2.x/branches/sca-java-2.0-M4/modules/binding-ejb-runtime/src/main/resources/binding-ejb-validation-messages.properties b/sca-java-2.x/branches/sca-java-2.0-M4/modules/binding-ejb-runtime/src/main/resources/binding-ejb-validation-messages.properties
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..28477dd3ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sca-java-2.x/branches/sca-java-2.0-M4/modules/binding-ejb-runtime/src/main/resources/binding-ejb-validation-messages.properties
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+#
+#
+#    Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+#    or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file
+#    distributed with this work for additional information
+#    regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file
+#    to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+#    "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+#    with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+#    Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+#    software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+#    "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+#    KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the
+#    specific language governing permissions and limitations
+#    under the License.
+#
+#
+UnknownEJBSessionType = Unknown EJB Session Type of {0} for {1}
+UnknownEJBVersion = Unknown EJB Version of {0} for {1}
+