Add CODING_STANDARDS.md file

This is intended to be the start of a (not complete) coding standards
document we can refer contributors to. This can be modified to add more
nuances and become stricter over time. It can also have additional
content for other file types (CMake, YACC, etc).

It does not cover plugins which should each individually have their own coding
standards.

.github/pull_request_template.md

@@ -56,3 +56,6 @@ You might consider answering some questions like:
 -->
 ## Backward compatibility
 TODO: fill details here, if applicable, or remove the section
+
+## PR quality check
+- [ ] I checked the [CODING_STANDARDS.md](CODING_STANDARDS.md) file and my PR conforms to this where appropriate.

CODING_STANDARDS.md

@@ -0,0 +1,254 @@
+# Coding Standards
+
+This is a working document outlining the coding standard for the general MariaDB codebase.
+It does not cover the coding standards for individual plugins, these should have their own coding standards documentation.
+
+## Using Git with the MariaDB codebase
+
+### Git commit messages
+
+Git commit messages must conform to the 50/72 rule.
+This is a de facto git standard which is automatically enforced by some editors.
+This means:
+
+* 50 characters max for the first (description) line.
+* A blank line.
+* 72 characters max for every subsequent line.
+
+In addition if there is a Jira ticket number, this should be the first thing in the description.
+As an example:
+
+```
+MDEV-12345 Fixing Rockwell Turbo Encabulator
+
+The new principle involved is that instead of power being generated by
+the relative motion of conductors and fluxes, it’s produced by the
+modial interaction of magneto-reluctance and capacitive diractance.
+```
+
+The commit messages are typically rendered in Markdown format, so markdown formatting is permitted for the message body.
+
+### Branch handling
+
+When updating your code, please make sure you perform a rebase, not a merge with the latest branch.
+Pull requests should be a simple fast-forward of the branch they are intended to land on.
+
+The correct way to rebase (if working on top of 10.3 branch):
+
+```sh
+git fetch upstream/10.3  # This assumes upstream is github.com/MariaDB/server
+git rebase upstream/10.3
+git push --force my_branch
+```
+
+## Coding Style (C / C++ files)
+
+Everyone has a preferred coding style, there is no real correct style for all projects around the world.
+What is important is that we stick to one common style throughout this code base.
+
+### Indentation
+
+We should use a variant of the [Allman indentation style](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indentation_style#Allman_style).
+The variation is to use two spaces instead of tabs and has a couple of minor rule changes as below.
+
+Allman style specifies that braces associated with a statement should be on the following line with the same indentation and the statements inside the braces are next level indented.
+The closing braces are also on a new line at the same indentation as the original statement.
+
+For example:
+
+```cpp
+while (x == y)
+{
+  something();
+  somethingelse();
+}
+finalthing();
+```
+
+#### Switch / Case statements
+
+For switch / case statements the `case` needs to be inline with the `switch`.
+For example:
+
+```cpp
+switch(level)
+{
+case ERROR:
+  sql_print_error("Error: %s", message.c_ptr_safe());
+  break;
+case WARNING:
+  sql_print_warning("Warning: %s", message.c_ptr_safe());
+  break;
+...
+}
+```
+
+#### If statements
+
+If the `if` statement only executes one line of code it is possible to write the statement without the braces such as this:
+
+```cpp
+if (opt_console)
+  opt_error_log= 0;
+```
+
+Prefer reducing indent level with the use of early return statements (or in special circumstances goto).
+Rather than:
+
+```cpp
+if (condition)
+{
+   <logic>
+}
+return error_code;
+```
+
+Use:
+
+```cpp
+if (!condition)
+  return error_code;
+<logic>
+return success;
+```
+
+### File names
+
+File names should be lower case with underscore word separators.
+C file names use the `.c` extension, C++ files use the `.cc` extension and header files use the `.h` extension.
+
+### Language standards
+
+For pure-C files we use C99 and for C++ we use C++11.
+The code need to be able to compile on multiple platforms using different compilers (for example: Windows / Linux, x86_64 / ARM).
+
+### Line lengths
+
+Lines should be no more than 80 characters.
+
+### Comments
+
+Single line / inline code comments can use the double slash (`//`) style of coding, whereas multi-line code comments should use `/*` as a start and `*/` at the end, with the text indented by 2 spaces, for example:
+
+```cpp
+/*
+  This is a multi-line code comment.
+  It has an indentation of two spaces.
+*/
+```
+
+### Variables classes, and functions
+
+Variables and functions should be descriptive and in "snake case", for example:
+
+```cpp
+void my_function(uint16 variable_name)
+{
+```
+
+Class names should also be "snake case" but should start with an upper-case character.
+Such as this:
+
+```cpp
+class Buffered_logs
+{
+```
+
+Assignments should not have a space on the left side of the equals, and one space on the right hand side. For example:
+
+```cpp
+a= 1;  // Correct
+a = 1; // Incorrect for the server code,
+       // ok for Storage Engines if they use it (aka Connect)
+```
+
+Please do not write conditions like this:
+
+```cpp
+if (0 == *error_code)
+```
+
+Please do this instead:
+
+```cpp
+if (*error_code == 0)
+// Or even better
+if (!*error_code)
+```
+
+### Constant integers
+
+Constant integers that are used to define elements such as buffer sizes should be defined rather than used directly.
+This is because the integer could change and uses of it could be missed.
+For example:
+
+```cpp
+char *buffer= my_malloc(PSI_INSTRUMENT_ME, 1024, MYF(MY_WME));
+
+snprint(buffer, 1024, "%d: %s", integer, text);
+```
+
+Could become:
+
+```cpp
+constexpr int buffer_size= 1024;
+char *buffer= my_malloc(PSI_INSTRUMENT_ME, buffer_size, MYF(MY_WME));
+
+snprint(buffer, buffer_size, "%d: %s", integer, text);
+```
+
+Alternatively the integer can be defined using an `enum` or `#define`.
+
+### Spacing
+
+#### Whitespace
+
+* Lines should not have any trailing whitespace.
+* There should not be any trailing blank lines at the end of a file.
+* Line endings are POSIX style (`\n`).
+* Two spaces for each indentation level, not tabs.
+
+#### Pointers
+
+The `*` of a pointer should be on the side of the variable name such as:
+
+```cpp
+void my_function(THD *thd)
+{
+```
+
+As yet there is no standard as to whether the `*` in a casting should have a space or not.
+Both of these are valid:
+
+```cpp
+name= (const char*)db_name;
+name= (const char *) db_name;
+```
+
+#### Function variables
+
+There should be a space after each comma in a definition and usage of a function.
+For example:
+
+```cpp
+my_function(thd, db_name);
+```
+
+### Types
+
+In general the usage of types such as `char`, `int` and `long` should be discouraged but there are shortened versions of the unsigned variants available for these in `my_global.h`.
+They can be different sizes across platforms and `char` can be either unsigned or signed depending on platform, and therefore are not portable.
+Instead these should be used as appropriate:
+
+* 8-bit signed / unsigned int -> `int8` / `uint8`
+* 16-bit signed / unsigned int -> `int16` / `uint16`
+* 32-bit signed / unsigned int -> `int32` / `uint32`
+* 64-bit signed / unsigned int -> `int64` / `uint64`
+* Integer file descriptor -> `File`
+* Integer socket descriptor -> `my_socket`
+
+`size_t` and `ptrdiff_t` are used in the source where appropriate, buffer sizes for example.
+It should be noted that these are implementation dependent but are useful when used in the correct context.
+
+Further types can be found in the `include/` directory files.
+There are also general utility functions in `mysys`.

CONTRIBUTING.md

@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ MariaDB Server has a vibrant community contributing in a wide range of areas. Th
 -   Write code to fix bugs or develop new features (see  [Getting Started for Developers](https://mariadb.org/getting-started-for-developers)).See also [list of beginner friendly tasks](https://jira.mariadb.org/browse/MDEV-15736?jql=resolution%20%3D%20Unresolved%20AND%20labels%20%3D%20beginner-friendly%20ORDER%20BY%20updated%20DESC)
 -   Help with code quality control
 -   Participate in packaging for different Linux distributions
+-   Coding standards for the main source code can be found in [CODING_STANDARDS.md](CODING_STANDARDS.md).
 
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