mariadb/strings/CHARSET_INFO.txt

CHARSET_INFO
============
A structure containing data for charset+collation pair implementation. 

Virtual functions which use this data are collected
into separate structures MY_CHARSET_HANDLER and
MY_COLLATION_HANDLER.


typedef struct charset_info_st
{
  uint      number;
  uint      primary_number;
  uint      binary_number;
  uint      state;

  const char *csname;
  const char *name;
  const char *comment;

  uchar    *ctype;
  uchar    *to_lower;
  uchar    *to_upper;
  uchar    *sort_order;

  uint16      *tab_to_uni;
  MY_UNI_IDX  *tab_from_uni;

  uchar state_map[256];
  uchar ident_map[256];

  uint      strxfrm_multiply;
  uint      mbminlen;
  uint      mbmaxlen;
  char      max_sort_char; /* For LIKE optimization */

  MY_CHARSET_HANDLER *cset;
  MY_COLLATION_HANDLER *coll;

} CHARSET_INFO;


CHARSET_INFO fields description:
===============================


Numbers (identifiers)
---------------------

number - an ID uniquely identifying this charset+collation pair.

primary_number - ID of a charset+collation pair, which consists
of the same character set and the default collation of this
character set. Not really used now. Intended to optimize some
parts of the code where we need to find the default collation
using its non-default counterpart for the given character set.

binary_numner - ID of a charset+collation pair, which consists
of the same character set and the binary collation of this
character set. Not really used now. Intended to optimize
"SELECT BINARY x" in the future.

Names
-----

  csname  - name of the character set for this charset+collation pair.
  name    - name of the collation for this charset+collation pair.
  comment - a text comment, dysplayed in "Description" column of
            SHOW CHARACTER SET output.

Conversion tables
-----------------
  
  ctype      - pointer to array[257] of "type of characters"
               bit mask for each chatacter, e.g. if a 
               character is a digit or a letter or a separator, etc.
  to_lower   - pointer to arrat[256] used in LCASE()
  to_upper   - pointer to array[256] used in UCASE()
  sort_order - pointer to array[256] used for strings comparison



Unicode conversion data
-----------------------
For 8bit character sets:

tab_to_uni  : array[256] of charset->Unicode translation
tab_from_uni: a structure for Unicode->charset translation

Non-8 bit charsets have their own structures per charset
hidden in correspondent ctype-xxx.c file and don't use
tab_to_uni and tab_from_uni tables.


Parser maps
-----------
state_map[]
ident_map[]

 These maps are to quickly identify if a character is
an identificator part, a digit, a special character, 
or a part of other SQL language lexical item.

Probably can be combined with ctype array in the future.
But for some reasons these two arrays are used in the parser,
while a separate ctype[] array is used in the other part of the
code, like fulltext, etc.


Misc fields
-----------

  strxfrm_multiply - how many times a sort key (i.e. a string
                     which can be passed into memcmp() for comparison)
                     can be longer than the original string. 
                     Usually it is 1. For some complex
                     collations it can be bigger. For example
                     in latin1_german2_ci, a sort key is up to
                     twice longer than the original string.
                     e.g. Letter 'A' with two dots above is
                     substituted with 'AE'. 
  mbminlen         - mininum multibyte sequence length.
                     Now always 1 accept ucs2. For ucs2
                     it is 2.
  mbmaxlen         - maximum multibyte sequence length.
                     1 for 8bit charsets. Can be also 2 or 3.



MY_CHARSET_HANDLER
==================

MY_CHARSET_HANDLER is a collection of character-set
related routines. Defined in m_ctype.h. Have the 
following set of functions:

Multibyte routines
------------------
ismbchar()  - detects if the given string is a multibyte sequence
mbcharlen() - retuturns length of multibyte sequence starting with
              the given character
numchars()  - returns number of characters in the given string, e.g.
              in SQL function CHAR_LENGTH().
charpos()   - calculates the offset of the given position in the string.
              Used in SQL functions LEFT(), RIGHT(), SUBSTRING(), 
              INSERT()

well_formed_length()
            - finds the length of correctly formed multybyte beginning.
              Used in INSERTs to cut a beginning of the given string
              which is
              a) "well formed" according to the given character set.
              b)  can fit into the given data type
              Terminates the string in the good position, taking in account
              multibyte character boundaries.

lengthsp()  - returns the length of the given string without traling spaces.


Unicode conversion routines
---------------------------
mb_wc       - converts the left multibyte sequence into it Unicode code.
mc_mb       - converts the given Unicode code into multibyte sequence.


Case and sort convertion
------------------------
caseup_str  - converts the given 0-terminated string into the upper case
casedn_str  - converts the given 0-terminated string into the lower case
caseup      - converts the given string into the lower case using length
casedn      - converts the given string into the lower case using length

Number-to-string conversion routines
------------------------------------
snprintf()
long10_to_str()
longlong10_to_str()

The names are pretty self-descripting.

String padding routines
-----------------------
fill()     - writes the given Unicode value into the given string
             with the given length. Used to pad the string, usually
             with space character, according to the given charset.

String-to-numner conversion routines
------------------------------------
strntol()
strntoul()
strntoll()
strntoull()
strntod()

These functions are almost for the same thing with their
STDLIB counterparts, but also:
  - accept length instead of 0-terminator
  - and are character set dependant

Simple scanner routines
-----------------------
scan()    - to skip leading spaces in the given string.
            Used when a string value is inserted into a numeric field.



MY_COLLATION_HANDLER
====================
strnncoll()   - compares two strings according to the given collation
strnncollsp() - like the above but ignores trailing spaces
strnxfrm()    - makes a sort key suitable for memcmp() corresponding
                to the given string
like_range()  - creates a LIKE range, for optimizer
wildcmp()     - wildcard comparison, for LIKE
strcasecmp()  - 0-terminated string comparison
instr()       - finds the first substring appearence in the string
hash_sort()   - calculates hash value taking in account
                the collation rules, e.g. case-insensitivity, 
                accent sensitivity, etc.